Biochemical diversity of fatty acid composition in flax from VIR genetic collection and effect of environment on its development

Abstract

Background. In connection with climate change vary known patterns of environmental influences on the ratio of fatty acids(FA) in oil. Therefore,relevant data of modern geography test. Materials and methods. In work 24 lines and 3 commercial varieties of flax including 3 low linolenic (LL) accessions, grown in the Leningrad and Samara regions were used. FA composition was evaluated by gas chromatography for the ratio of palmitic (PAL), stearic (STE), oleic (OLE), linoleic (ω6,LIO), linolenic (ω3, LIN) acids, ω6/ω3 and iodine number of the oil (IOD). Results. The strongest differences are due to the level of LIN. It is lower in LL and gc-119 from India and higher in 3 lines carrying the gene s1 (deranged anthocyanin biosynthesis). In gc-119, contrast to LL, LIN decrease increase of OLE, instead of LIO. In lines with the gene s1 LIN increase due to the OLE reduction. Contrary to earlier publications the seeds of northern reproduction have more PAL, OLE, less LIN, IOD. 2F ANOVA revealed significant effect of genotype and reproductions place on PAL, OLE, LIN, IOD. LIO is affected only by genotype. Independence of ω6/ω3 is explained by strong abnormity of distribution due to LL. In high linolenic (HL) accessions group both factors influenced all characters except STE. Kruskal-Wallis H test (non-parametric 1F ANOVA analogue) show significant effect of genotype and place of reproductions on ω6/ω3. It reveals the impact of the reproduction place on LIN,no significant effect of genotype on OLE and IOD, which in the case of 1F ANOVA were significant. For characters of HL with normal distribution, comparing of both tests showed that in case of 0,01 p 0,09 conclusions concerning significance may vary,but in cases p 0,01 or p 0,10 they are identical. Conclusion. In our studies the geographical effect is less important than the weather in the year of growing. For abnormal distribution it is desirable to use both statistics and carefully make conclusions about the significance of differences in borderline probabilities.

Expression of FAD and SAD Genes in Developing Seeds of Flax Varieties under Different Growth Conditions

“…It is also possible to hypothesize how variations in FAD and SAD expression are reflected in the composition of linseed oil when plants are grown under different temperature and moisture conditions. Wet and cold summers are known to increase the LIN + LIO content in linseed oil, whereas hot and dry summers are known to increase the OLE content [10]. In our study, the decrease in FAD2a-1 and FAD2a-2 expression at elevated temperature (24 • C) occurred at earlier stages of seed development compared to 20 • C and, especially, 16 • C. This trend was less clear for FAD2b-2, but it was also present in some genotypes.…”

“…Linoleic acid (LIO, omega-6) and oleic acid (OLE, omega-9) are also important unsaturated fatty acids in flax seeds. There is an inverse relationship between LIO and LIN levels: varieties with high LIN contents have low LIO contents, and varieties with low LIN contents have high LIO contents [7,10]. The differences in the OLE content between varieties are less pronounced and can be about 2-fold [7,10].…”

“…There is an inverse relationship between LIO and LIN levels: varieties with high LIN contents have low LIO contents, and varieties with low LIN contents have high LIO contents [7,10]. The differences in the OLE content between varieties are less pronounced and can be about 2-fold [7,10]. Varieties with higher OLE contents are promising for the production of oxidation-stable edible oil, chemical feedstock, and biodiesel [8,9].…”

“…In addition to the genotype, it is known that the environment has an influence on the linseed oil content and its FA composition; in particular, an elevated temperature with deficient moisture led to an increase in the OLE content, whereas a decreased temperature with excess moisture had the opposite effect, leading to an increase in the LIO and LIN contents [10,[27][28][29][30]. However, it is currently unclear how growth conditions affect the expression profiles of specific FAD and SAD genes in flax seeds during development, and whether different genotypes respond similarly to growing in different environments at the level of FAD and SAD gene expression.…”

Expression of <em>FAD</em> and <em>SAD</em> Genes in Developing Seeds of Flax Varieties under Different Growth Conditions

“…Linoleic acid (LIO, omega-6) and oleic acid (OLE, omega-9) are also important unsaturated fatty acids in flax seeds. There is an inverse relationship between LIO and LIN levels: high-LIN varieties have low LIO content and low-LIN varieties have high LIO content [7,10]. Differences in the OLE content between varieties are less pronounced and can be about 2-fold [7,10].…”