Biocompatibility of artificial micro/nanomotors for use in biomedicine

Abstract

This review focuses on the biocompatibility of micro/nano-motors (MNMs) with regard to the fabrication materials and propulsion mechanisms. The future prospective and suggestions on the development of MNMs towards practical biomedical applications are also proposed.

Microbe‐Mediated Extracellular and Intracellular Mineralization: Environmental, Industrial, and Biotechnological Applications

“…Currently, the interaction between these self‐propelling micro/nanostructures and the human body is not fully known. [ 379 ] The use of MTB as microswimmers is at best investigated in animal models; these models provide only qualitative information on cytotoxicity based on histological assays. For precise targeted delivery, it is necessary to thoroughly comprehend how foreign materials accumulate throughout the body and how to minimize the distribution of the administered live bacterial microrobots to nontarget tissues, which may create nonanticipated undesirable effects.…”

Enzyme catalysis powered micro/nanomotors for biomedical applications

“…Recently, polymers have attracted attention for the fabrication of MNMs due to easy functionalization, ease of scaling up, and appropriate physicochemical properties for biomedical applications with good biocompatibility. 151 In addition, they can be self-assembled into supramolecular structures that can provide a soft interface to cells in comparison to hard metal surface based MNMs together with good biodegradability. He et al fabricated Janus capsules loaded with DOX by templateassisted polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition using poly(styrenesulfonate) sodium salt (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH).…”

“…157 Recently, metal organic frameworks (MOF) have gained interest due to their porous structure and disintegration based on pH stimuli. 151 Ma et al fabricated MOF based nanomotors by encapsulating them with photosensitizers to generate cytotoxic 1 O 2 for efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT), powered by GOx and catalase that caused starvation of cells due to the utilization of glucose (Fig. 11b).…”

Engineering Intelligent Nanosystems for Enhanced Medical Imaging

“…Inspired by nature, micro-and nanodevices able to move at the nanoscale (from now on micro-or nanomotors) have emerged as a very powerful tool in nanotechnology for a wide range of applications including biomedicine, [83][84][85] sensing, [86][87][88][89][90][91] or water remediation. [86,[92][93][94][95] Self-propulsion at the nanoscale is not trivial due to the need for overcoming viscous and Brownian forces.…”