Biocompatibility of electroactive polymers in tissues

Abstract

The biocompatibility of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc), polyethylene (PE), and polyaniline (PANi) films in the emeraldine (EM), nigraniline (NA) and leucoemeraldine (LM) intrinsic oxidation states were assessed through subcutaneous implantation into male Sprague‐Dawley rats beneath the dorsal skin, for a period ranging from 19 to 90 weeks. Histological examination, interstitial pressure measurement, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to determine the biocompatibility of the polymers. The polymers did not provoke inflammatory responses in the subcutaneous tissues over the entire implantation period. Characteristics features associated with tissue–implant incompatibility were not evident near the implantation. Interstitial pressure was measured to evaluate the development of tissue. Low interstitial pressure readings on the region of implantation confirmed the biocompatibility of these polymer types. The surface composition of the electroactive aniline polymers before and after the implantation was characterized by XPS. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 467–478, 2000.

Synthesis and characterization of electroactive and biodegradable ABA block copolymer of polylactide and aniline pentamer

“…Recently, polyaniline has been explored for applications as novel intelligent scaffolds for cardiac and/or neuronal tissue engineering [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The basic idea was that the cell proliferation, assembly, and particularly, differentiation might be influenced, directed or even controlled by electrical or electrochemical stimulation applied through the electroactive scaffold materials.…”

Development of Electroactive and Elastic Nanofibers that contain Polyaniline and Poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) for the Control of Cell Adhesion

“…PAni has been previously explored in several biomedical applications including biosensors and scaffolds in tissue engineering, and demonstrates biocompatibility in both in vitro and in vivo analysis. [17,19,20] Here, our primary objectives were to investigate cell response to nanofibrous substrates prepared from the mixture of PLCL and PAni using camphorsulfonic acid (CPSA) as the dopant. First, the effect of incorporated PAni on the morphology, mechanical strength, surface characteristics, and conductivity of the fabricated nanofibers was examined.…”

Axially aligned electrically conducting biodegradable nanofibers for neural regeneration

“…Presence of newly formed myelinated axons similar to the native tissue and improvement of mobility in operated limb after two months has been reported in rats bearing conducting Ppy/PDLLA/PCL (poly(pyrrole)/poly(DL-lactic acid)/poly(caprolactone)) composites [25]. Similarly emeraldine salt as well as base form of PANi (conducting and nonconducting) did not elicit any immune responses in rodents [30,31]. Moreover, self assembly of pure highly regio-regular poly(alkylthiophene) has been proven to form biocompatible monolayers and found to promote neurite outgrowth from primary mouse cortical neurons [32].…”