Bioecology of coral reef in Panjang Island of Central Java Indonesia

Abstract

Coral reefs currently are suffered from natural factors along with increasing anthropogenic activity. Panjang Island, a small reef island located in Jepara Regency, may also be experiencing such conditions. Therefore, this work was aimed to observe the condition of the coral cover of Panjang Island. Line intercept transect was applied to survey the coral cover and mortality index from fourteen stations. Insitu data consisted of the bottom substrate composition of the reefs and the physical parameters of the sea. The secondary data, i.e. coral reef area maps from 2001 to 2019 were taken from Landsat Image 7 and 8, data of wind were obtained from www.ogimet.com, while tidal data were collected from BMKG. The bathymetry was determined from the Geospatial Information Agency data, salinity global analysis forecast Phy 001.024 (CMEMS). Sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll-a distribution were analyzed using ENVI software. The result showed that Panjang Island has a poor to the moderate condition of hard coral. Two out of six categories of abiotic and dead coral were found to be high. The mortality index of coral was in the high category (average 0.52). During research periods the sea waters were characterized by high sea surface temperature (29.34-30.94°C), chlorophyll-a was also tended to be high (0-2.65 mg.m-3), and an average of salinity was high 32 ‰. The weak currents came to all sides of the island, therefore the coral reef was not exposed to extreme currents. The waves came from the east, then the energy decreases after being blocked by coral reefs on the eastern side of the island, so that coral reefs in the northeast and south sides were safer to be exposed. The results suggest that hydrodynamic ecology directly or indirectly affected the percentage of coral cover and mortality index at the reefs of Panjang Island.

Hydro-oceanography Profile Condition at Tunda Island Serang District Banten Province, Indonesia

“…That value of waters temperature distribution is in line with Suryono et al (2021) average waters temperature on the coral reef ecosystem in Panjang Island Central Java was 30.19 °C from 30.03 to 31.52 °C. Added Suryono et al (2021) that water temperature was essential in coral reef distribution. The ideal average water temperature for the living coral reef is around 27 to 29 °C (Siburian and Ningrum, 2019).…”

“…For the survival of coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, the salinity concentration for normal coral reef life was 32 to 35 ‰ (Littaqwaa et al, 2020). Coral reefs do not live in waters that regularly receive freshwater from large rivers, leading to low salinity (Suryono et al, 2021).…”

Ascidians Outbreak: A Threat For Coral Reefs in Panjang Island, Jepara

“…Numerous research have been conducted in Panjang island, Jepara, from the bioecology (Suryono et al, 2021), physical oceanography and geomorphology (Sugianto et al, 2019) and biodiversity (Sabdono et al, 2021) and coral reef restoration (Munasik et al, 2021). However, a phenomena where ascidian is rapidly growing in the island has never been reported before.…”