Coral reef is an important underwater ecosystem supporting people’s lives in coastal areas. One of the communities depending on the coral reef ecosystem for its food, livelihood, shoreline protection, and recreation needs is a community in Tunda Island. This research aims to analyze and determine the health status of coral reef in the island using a survey method. It was conducted in July 2018 and July 2019. Underwater photography transects were established at two depth areas of ± 3-4 m (shallow water) and ± 10-11 m (reef slope). Analysis of the results of live coral cover was divided into eight categories of groups based on CPCe output series 4.1. The values of coral reef cover at first depth (± 3-4 m) were 64.86% (east side of the island), 55.76% (north toward east side), and 32.22% (west side). The values of coral reef cover at second depth (± 10-11 m) were 36.36%, 25.00%, and 23.63% on the north toward east, east, and central north sides of the island, respectively. In shallow waters of Tunda Island, the coral reef health is classified as moderate to good, mostly those located on the east and the north toward the east sides. At reef slope, the coral reef health is classified as damaged to poor, particularly those located on the south and the south toward the west sides. The difference in the health values implies that most corals occur in shallow waters while deep corals differ from those near the surface and are not safe from impacts of the activities in the coastal area of Tunda Island.

In Asia, Southeast Asia is reported as a non-endemic area of the parasite. However, several indigenous echinococcoses in human and animals were reported in several countries, such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). Most human infections are caused by Echinococcus granulosus and only two cases with E. ortleppi. There was no evidence case with E. multilocularis in Southeast Asia. Echinococcus granulosus infection is prevalent in areas that association with dogs and livestocks that close contact with dogs. The incidence is very low. A total of 49 cases of echinococcosis was identified in Southeast Asia from 1885 to 2015. Of which, at least 31 cases were indigenous, 14 cases were imported, and 4 cases were unknown. Thailand is the most prevalent country with echinococcosis in human, followed by very low incidence in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia and Lao PDR. However, it is very difficult to estimate the real number of human echinococcosis case in Southeast Asia due to the long asymptomatic period that is usually >5 years. The disease may be more prevalent in Southeast Asia; however, they were underdiagnosed and not reported.

Several methods exist to collect and assess the abundance of dengue vector mosquitoes, i.e., morning adult collection, pupal collection, ovitraps, human landing, and larval collection. Several of these methods are officially implemented to monitor mosquito density and make decisions on treatments for dengue control. This monitoring is also constrained by the need to conduct this assessment on a “one point/one day” process, meaning that once the threshold of 100 households is reached, the assessment is made, and the collectors teams move to another place, thus preventing the use of long-term sampling methods. This diversity of methods might be a source of variability and lack of statistical significance. There is also a lack of published data regarding the efficacy of these methods. Furthermore, the Stegomyia indices are shown to be not reliable for assessing the risk of dengue outbreaks. A mosquito survey was, thus, conducted in 39 locations corresponding to 15 dengue endemic provinces in Indonesia by using the different adult and larval collection methods recommended nationwide. A total of 44,675 mosquitoes were collected. The single larva method was the most efficient. Out of a total of 89 dengue-positive pools, the most frequently encountered virus was DENV2, which made up half of the positive samples, followed by DENV3 and DENV1, respectively. Factor analysis of mixed data showed that no correlation could be found between any methods and the presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes. Moreover, no correlation could be found between any methods and the incidence of dengue. There was no consistency in the efficacy of a given method from one site to another. There was no correlation between any of the parameters considered, i.e., method, incidence of dengue, location, and the presence of dengue virus in mosquitoes.

Abstract. Mujiyanto, Sugianti Y, Afandy YA, Rahayu R, Bidikusuma RA, Nasriri AS, Syam AR, Purnaningtyas SE. 2021. Reef fish community structure in the islands of Paraja Bay, Pandeglang District, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4402-4413. Paraja Bay waters have five small islands that coexist with Ujung Kulon National Marine Park and act as a buffer zone for the diversity of fishery resources. This study aimed to assess the reef fishes community structure at small islands in Paraja Bay. Observations were made in 20 locations during August and September 2019 in the five small islands. Reef fishes community structure showed 106 species as included major group (54 species), indicator group (24 species) and target group (28 species), among five small islands, i.e. Badul, Mangir, Oar, Sumur and Umang Islands. The highest reef fishes abundance was founded in Umang Island waters. Several target fish species recorded during the study were mature fish (such as those targeted by fishermen). Only a small proportion were juveniles. Reef fish community structure was categorized as stress community to stable community with its indication was low diversity value, high evenness index, and low dominance. The low diversity index value illustrates that the level of uniformity of reef fish species in Paraja Bay waters is high. This condition is evidenced by each coral fish group's evenness index included in the main species group around 0.93 to 0.98. The target species is 0.88 to 0.99.

Abstract The habitat of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snails was found widely spread in the three areas of the Napu, Bada and Lindu Highlands with the infection rate above 1%. The last focus distribution map of this snail was done eight years ago. Therefore,  it needs to be updated. This study aimed to identify and map the primary and secondary foci area of O.hupensis lindoensis snail. Mapping of  the intermediate host of schistosoma, O. hupensis lindoensis was conducted for seven month in four schistosomiasis endemic villages in Poso and Sigi District of Central Sulawesi in 2016. The result showed that snail of O. hupensis lindoensis in Sedoa was found reduced to 33 foci, in Watutau Village was also reduced to two foci, in Tomehipi Village was found increased become eight foci, and in Tomado Village was found reduced become 15 foci. The foci areas needs to be changed into agricultural land, to reduce the number and area of O. hupensis lindoensis.  Abstrak Penyebaran habitat keong O. hupensis lindoensis ditemukan di tiga wilayah yaitu Dataran Tinggi Napu, Bada dan Lindu dengan infection rate di atas 1%. Data distribusi fokus telah dilakukan delapan tahun lalu melalui pemetaan fokus, sehingga perlu diperbaharui. Telah dilakukan pemetaan habitat perantara schistosomiasis keong O. hupensis lindoensis selama tujuh bulan di empat daerah endemis di Kabupaten Poso dan Sigi Sulawesi Tengah. Studi ini bertujuan memetakan dan mengidentifikasi fokus keong O. hupensis lindoensis di dataran tinggi Napu, Bada, dan Lindu, sebagai pembaharuan data perkembangan fokus di daerah endemis. Hasil pemetaan habitat hospes perantara schistosomiasis keong O. hupensis lindoensis menunjukan bahwa jumlah fokus keong O. hupensis lindoensis di Desa Sedoa menurun menjadi 33 fokus, di Desa Watutau jumlah fokus menurun menjadi dua fokus, di Desa Tomehipi meningkat menjadi delapan fokus, dan di Desa Tomado menurun menjadi 15 fokus. Aktivitas pengelolaan area fokus menjadi lahan produktif perlu diintensifkan guna mengurangi jumlah fokus O. hupensis lindoensis.