Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils

Abstract

Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica).

fMRI‐Based Brain Responses to Olfactory Stimulation with Two Putatively Orexigenic Functional Food Ingredients at Two Different Concentrations in the Pig Model

“…However, compared to each other, and at the higher concentration used, the two ingredients promoted contrasting brain responses. Ingredient A is mainly composed of C. sinensis, a food extract from sweet orange that has been reported to promote a broad spectrum of effects (Dosoky & Setzer, 2018) and was already tested in the pig using PET neuroimaging (Val-Laillet et al, 2016), whereas ingredient B contained Origanum vulgarae, of which one of the main active compounds is carvacrol, a molecule promoting positive effects in human health (Sharifi-Rad et al, 2018), but also modulating behavior in lambs (Simitzis, Deligeorgis, Bizelis, & Fegeros, 2008) and depression-like behavior in rat (Amiresmaeili et al, 2018). Ingredient B also contained C. flexuosus, the so-called lemongrass, which has been reported in mice to elicit positive effects on mood regulation (Blanco et al, 2009), and notably reduced anxiety (Costa et al, 2011).…”

“…Among natural product-based extracts, fruit extracts, such as C. sinensis, present some promising properties for food intake regulation and mood modulation (Dosoky & Setzer, 2018;Igarashi, Ikei, Song, & Miyazaki, 2014;Lamport et al, 2016). Herbal extracts also present some interesting features.…”

Citrus Essential Oils (CEOs) and Their Applications in Food: An Overview

“…The genus Citrus belongs to family Rutaceae, which includes about 140 genera and 1300 species. As a diverse tropical fruit, citrus combines species like Citrus sinensis (Orange), Citrus reticulata (Mandarin), Citrus aurantifolia (Limes), Citrus limon (Lemon), Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit), Citrus bergamia (Bergamot), Citrus junos (Yuzu), and Citrus japonica (Kumquat) [1,2]. The Citrus species originated from the Himalayan foothills of Northern India, Northern Myanmar, Southern China, and Southeast Asia [3,4].…”

Application of alkaline Pulping to Pruned Branches of Citrus limon from Sudan

“…Lemon names in different languages more or less similar with scientific name Citrus limon Burm family Rutaceae [1]. The origin of lemon is Central Asia, Himalayan Mountains and northern Myanmar [2].The known countries for production of lemon around the world are, Argentina, Mexico, Italy, Brazil, Spain, China, India, United States, Turkey and Iran [3].…”