Biological and Ecological Studies of the Spruce Bud worm

Jaynes, H. A.; Speers, Charles F.

doi:10.1093/jee/42.2.221

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Second instars usually emerge a few weeks before host-tree buds can be entered and mine old needles in the meantime (Atwood, 1944). During this period, development is slow (Jaynes and Speers, 1949) and larvae are vulnerable to cool and wet conditions (Greenbank, 1956). Delayed emergence should improve survival by shortening that vulnerable stage in the larval life cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Frankenhuyzen

Nystrom

Liu

2007

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Frankenhuyzen

Nystrom

Liu

2007

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…Spruce budworm, C. fumiferana Clem., prefer woody pollen-cone bracts and leaf-pegs for their hibernacula (Blais, 1952) and so can be found commonly overwintering along the foliated branches of fir (Abies) and spruce (Picea) close to where eggs were laid on foliage (Jaynes & Speers, 1949;Miller, 1958;Moody & Otvos, 1980). Spruce budworm, C. fumiferana Clem., prefer woody pollen-cone bracts and leaf-pegs for their hibernacula (Blais, 1952) and so can be found commonly overwintering along the foliated branches of fir (Abies) and spruce (Picea) close to where eggs were laid on foliage (Jaynes & Speers, 1949;Miller, 1958;Moody & Otvos, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of available, sheltered overwinter locations on the host tree varies among budworm species because of the different characteristic surface topographies of their preferred hosts. Spruce budworm, C. fumiferana Clem., prefer woody pollen-cone bracts and leaf-pegs for their hibernacula (Blais, 1952) and so can be found commonly overwintering along the foliated branches of fir (Abies) and spruce (Picea) close to where eggs were laid on foliage (Jaynes & Speers, 1949;Miller, 1958;Moody & Otvos, 1980). In contrast, branches of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) are smooth and needle density relatively sparse, so western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman, find fewer suitable overwinter sites on the foliated sections of the branch and most travel all the way to the deeply furrowed surface of interior branches and the tree bole to overwinter (Terrell, 1959;McKnight, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why western spruce budworms travel so far for the winter

Nealis

Régnière

2016

Ecological Entomology

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1. Conifer-feeding budworms (Choristoneura) hibernate in sheltered locations on their host trees from late summer of 1 year to spring of the next. During this period, they do not feed but rely on sustenance provided in the egg. Overwinter survival is dependent on the rate of consumption of these limited reserves.2. A process model was developed that quantifies the relationship between the rate of consumption and survival at variable temperatures and exposure times for western spruce budworm. The model supported physiological evidence that warm weather conditions early in the diapause period have a dominant influence on overwinter survival. Output compared favourably with field observations of poorer budworm survival at lower elevations where late-summer and autumn temperatures were warmer compared to those overwintering at cooler, higher elevations.3. Field experiments demonstrated these weather-dependent rates of survival were modulated significantly by the degree of shelter experienced by hibernating budworms.4. Dissection of whole trees harbouring overwintering western spruce budworms showed a significant portion of the population had travelled a considerable distance from the periphery of the tree canopy where eggs were laid to overwinter successfully on the tree bole where sheltered niches are common.5. Thus, budworms will travel relatively long distances and risk increased mortality during this dispersal to find adequate shelter to overwinter.

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“…The studies of Jayens & Speers (1949), Greenbank (1963), Miller (1963), and Wilson (1963) showed that the female spruce budworm also discriminates between the different species among its hosts. In field studies as well as in laboratory experiments the following order of preference for oviposition was found: white spruce >/balsam fir > red and black spruce.…”

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confidence: 99%

Host Plant Stimuli Affecting Oviposition Behavior of the Eastern Spruce Budworm

Städler

1974

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The host selection of the female spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), Tortricidae, for oviposition is influenced both by the shape and the composition of the substrate. Needle extracts were bioassayed using artificial twigs. The active compounds are soluble in organic solvents and steam distillable. Synthetic D‐α and L‐β pinene occurring naturally in the extracts proved to be oviposition stimulants. The optical isomer L‐α pinene did not show any activity. Ablation experiments led to the conclusion that chemoreceptors for the host attractants and the stimulants are located on the antennae and probably also on the maxillary and labial palpi. Zusammenfassung BEEINFLUSSUNG VON WIRTSPFLANZENREIZEN AUF DAS EIABLAGE‐VERHALTEN DES NORDAMERIKANISCHEN TANNENKNOSPENWICKLERS Die Weibchen von Choristoneura fumiferana bevorzugen für die Eiablage ein nadeiförmiges Substrat. Dabei spielen die mechanorezeptiven Sinneshaare auf den Ovipositor‐Papillen vermutlich eine entscheidende Rolle. Petrolätherextrakte der Nadeloberflächen, Methanolextrakte und Wasserdampfdestillate ergaben eine erhöhte Eiablage auf damit behandelten künstlichen Nadelzweigen. Die aktiven Extraktfraktionen waren nur in organischen Lösungsmitteln löslich. Für die Attraktivität und stimulierende Wirkung der Extrakte müssen verschiedene Substanzen verantwortlich sein, α‐ und β‐Pinen wurden mit Hilfe des Gaschromatographen in den aktiven Fraktionen nachgewiesen. Synthetisches D‐α und L‐β Pinen waren beide aktiv. Dagegen ergab L‐α Pinen bei den geprüften Konzentrationen keine erhöhte Eiablage. Mit Hilfe von Ablationsexperimenten (Amputation, Überziehen mit Paraffin) wurde versucht, die Chemorezeptoren für die attraktiven und stimulierenden Stoffe zu lokalisieren. Dabei ergab sich, dass die Geruchsrezeptoren auf den Antennen und vermutlich auch auf den Labial‐und Maxillarpalpen für die Wirtswahl von Bedeutung zu sein scheinen.

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Biological and Ecological Studies of the Spruce Bud worm

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Why western spruce budworms travel so far for the winter

Host Plant Stimuli Affecting Oviposition Behavior of the Eastern Spruce Budworm

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