Biological Materials Science

Abstract

Taking a unique materials science approach, this text introduces students to the basic concepts and applications of materials and biomedical engineering and prepares them for the challenges of the new interdisciplinary field of biomaterials science. Split into three sections - Basic Biology Principles, Biological Materials, and Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics - it presents biological materials along with the structural and functional classification of biopolymers, bioelastomers, foams, and ceramic composites. More traditional biomimetic designs such as Velcro are then discussed in conjunction with new developments that mimic the structure of biological materials at the molecular level, mixing nanoscale with biomolecular designs. Bioinspired design of materials and structures is also covered. Focused presentations of biomaterials are presented throughout the text in succinct boxes, emphasising biomedical applications, whilst the basic principles of biology are explained, so no prior knowledge is required. The topics are supported by approximately 500 illustrations, solved problems, and end-of-chapter exercises.

Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration

“…Here the 'filament', for a-keratins, denotes the 'intermediate filament (IF)' which represents the structural feature seen by transmission electron microscopy and shows an intermediate size (7)(8)(9)(10) nm in diameter) between two other major classes of filamentous structures: microfilaments (actin, 7 nm) and microtubules (24 nm) [35]. For b-keratins, the 'filament' is called 'beta-keratin filament' and has a diameter of 3-4 nm [26,27].…”

“…14a-c [8] shows three configurations of springs and dashpots that are commonly used to describe viscoelastic behavior: the Maxwell model, a spring and a dashpot in series sharing the same stress; the Kelvin-Voigt model, a spring and a dashpot in parallel sharing the same deformation; and the Standard linear solid or Zener model, a Maxwell model in parallel with a spring. Actual material behavior is often more complex, and thus additional springs and dashpots are required to be added to study the mechanical response.…”

“…Bioinspiration is classified, as presented by Meyers and Chen [8], into traditional and molecular-based. In traditional bioinspiration, we try to copy the characteristics of biological materials using combinations of synthetic materials that are completely different but provide equivalent or similar mechanical response.…”

“…Biomimetics, the science of imitating nature, is thus an exciting field where the evolutionary refinements are investigated and the biological solutions are applied to develop new materials. The study of biological materials, Biological Materials Science, indispensably paves the way for inventing novel materials by providing principles and mechanisms obtained from natural designs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The more traditional approach is being complemented by molecular biomimetics, which shows a bright potential [9].…”

Вязкоупругость И Механизмы Пластичности Дентина Зубов Человека

“…Дентин -это твердая ткань, которая составляет осно-ву зубов человека и животных [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. В области коронки дентин покрыт эмалью, в области корня -цементом.…”