Biology of Trichogramma minutum Riley Collected from Apples in Southern Ontario

Abstract

The role of insect produced attractants on the aggregation behaviour of the rnediterranean pine engraver beetle Orthotornicus erosusDurin field e eriments, Orthotomicus erosus was caught mostly in traps baited with a combination o!t he beeye roduced compounds 2-meth~l-3-buten-2-01 and ipsdlenol. When offered alon with 2-methyl-3-futen-2-01, an u to 1000-fol increase in concentration of racemic ipsdienol le to a continual increase in catch o?O. erosus and Ips sexdentatus, accompanied by a steady increase of P P-%. It is assumed that 2-methyl-3-buten-2-01 influences landing behaviour of 0. erosus, while ipsdienol acts as a long distance signal. With 0. erosus, ipsdienol could not be replaced by nonspecific pheromonal components (S)-cis-verbenol or racemic frontalin. When offered along with the beetle produced binary mixture, however, especially racemic frontalin had an additive kairomonal effect. i 1 Einleitung Der mediterrane Kiefernborkenkafer Orthotomicus e m u s (Woll.) gewinnt in den kunstlichen Anbaugebieten raschwiichsiger Pinus-Arten zunehmend wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Als typisches Folgeinsekt wird er oft nach Durchforstun seingriffen oder klimatisch bedingter Schwachung in ungeren Bestanden RAS et HAMZA MENDEL EL 1983; BEVAN 1984; MENDEL et al. 1985). Als Aggregationssi nale von 0. erosus wurden das mannchenspezifische Ipsdienol sowie 2-Meth -3-buten-2-01 nachgewiesen; im Freilandversuch brachte die Kombination i eider Komponenten die hochsten Fangzahlen ( GIESEN et al. 1984; FRANCKE et al. 1986). Fur den Einsatz solcher verhaltenssteuernder Chemikalien im Rahmen eines Pest-Management-Systems wurde die Effektivitat verschiedener Lockstoffgemische vergleichend getestet. ' Mit Unterstiitzung der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. U.S.

Desenvolvimento e exigências térmicas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, criados em duas traças do tomateiro

“…Orphanides & Gonzalez (1971), Butler Junior & López (1980, Goodenough et al (1983), Calvin et al (1984, Bleicher & Parra (1990) e Tironi (1992), avaliaram a tb e K de T. pretiosum em diversos hospedeiros, obtendo valores na faixa de 9,6 a 12,8 e de 125,6 a 183,3, respectivamente (Tabela 4). Essas variações também foram verificadas em outras espécies de Trichogramma (Lund, 1934;Stern & Bowen, 1963;Bowen & Stern, 1966;Russo & Voegelé, 1982;Yu et al, 1984;Zhang, 1984;Hirashima et al, 1990).…”

“…A influência da espécie, linhagem e hospedeiro nas exigências térmicas desse parasitóide tem sido relatada por diversos autores (Orphanides & Gonzalez, 1971;Butler Junior & López, 1980;Yu et al, 1984;Hirashima et al, 1990;Sales Júnior, 1992;Tironi, 1992). Por esse motivo, as pesquisas devem ser direcionadas para obtenção de um hospedeiro alternativo com características semelhantes à da praga que se quer controlar, para que o parasitóide expresse todo seu potencial no campo.…”

Measuring and reporting life-cycle duration in insects and arachnids

“…For example, most adult Coleoptera are relatively long lived (Danks, 1992), unlike adults of such groups as mayflies (Clifford, 1982) and gall midges (Sunose, 1985). The preoviposition period is very short in small parasitic Hymenoptera (Cronin & Strong, 1990 for a mymarid; Yu et al, 1984 for a trichogrammatid), but prolonged in many long-lived beetles, as might be expected, as well as in some other taxa (Tauber et al, 1992 for a lacewing), especially at low temperatures (Arbogast, 1984 for an anthocorid). The pupal period is relatively long in some Diptera (Quiring & McNeil, 1985 for an agromyzid).…”

Effect of host availability and egg load in Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its consequences on progeny quality

“…They have revealed the importance of feeding the wasps a carbohydrate (Yu et al, 1984;Smith et al, 1986;Hohmann et al, 1988Hohmann et al, , 1989McDougall and Mills, 1997), exposing them to their target hosts before releasing them (Bergeijk et al, 1989), and timing their release (Volkoff and Daumal, 1994;Smith, 1996). The adoption of these recommendations along with maximizing wasp size would certainly improve current biological control programs that use Trichogramma spp.…”