Facial corticosteroid addictive dermatitis (FCAD) has rapidly emerged as a health problem in China in recent years, because of the uncontrolled use of topical steroids. In total, 312 patients with FCAD from Guiyang, China were entered into a study. In this study, FCAD was classified into five types: dermatitis (n = 109; 34.9%), acne (n = 78; 25%), rosacea (n = 64; 20.5%), angiotelectasia (n = 30; 9.6%) and dermotrophia/hyperpigmentation (n = 31; 9.9%). Improper advertisement by manufacturers, availability of steroids without prescription, improper prescribing by doctors, and patient misuse of medication has resulted in the rapid emergence of FCAD in China. Public awareness and physician and patient education of the potential side-effects of topical corticosteroids should be improved.

The role of insect produced attractants on the aggregation behaviour of the rnediterranean pine engraver beetle Orthotornicus erosusDurin field e eriments, Orthotomicus erosus was caught mostly in traps baited with a combination o!t he beeye roduced compounds 2-meth~l-3-buten-2-01 and ipsdlenol. When offered alon with 2-methyl-3-futen-2-01, an u to 1000-fol increase in concentration of racemic ipsdienol le to a continual increase in catch o?O. erosus and Ips sexdentatus, accompanied by a steady increase of P P-%. It is assumed that 2-methyl-3-buten-2-01 influences landing behaviour of 0. erosus, while ipsdienol acts as a long distance signal. With 0. erosus, ipsdienol could not be replaced by nonspecific pheromonal components (S)-cis-verbenol or racemic frontalin. When offered along with the beetle produced binary mixture, however, especially racemic frontalin had an additive kairomonal effect. i 1 Einleitung Der mediterrane Kiefernborkenkafer Orthotomicus e m u s (Woll.) gewinnt in den kunstlichen Anbaugebieten raschwiichsiger Pinus-Arten zunehmend wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Als typisches Folgeinsekt wird er oft nach Durchforstun seingriffen oder klimatisch bedingter Schwachung in ungeren Bestanden RAS et HAMZA MENDEL EL 1983; BEVAN 1984; MENDEL et al. 1985). Als Aggregationssi nale von 0. erosus wurden das mannchenspezifische Ipsdienol sowie 2-Meth -3-buten-2-01 nachgewiesen; im Freilandversuch brachte die Kombination i eider Komponenten die hochsten Fangzahlen ( GIESEN et al. 1984; FRANCKE et al. 1986). Fur den Einsatz solcher verhaltenssteuernder Chemikalien im Rahmen eines Pest-Management-Systems wurde die Effektivitat verschiedener Lockstoffgemische vergleichend getestet. ' Mit Unterstiitzung der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk. U.S.

No abstract

Application of granulosis virus (CPGV) to plots of apple trees reduced deep-entry damage to apples by the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), compared with nontreated apples. However, shallow-entry damage to apples by codling moth was as great, or greater, in virus-treated plots than in nontreated plots. Protection was improved by applying CPGV at least three times during each of the two annual generations of the codling moth compared with less frequent application.Bioassays showed that activity of deposits of CPGV on apples in the field was reduced to approximately 50% of original activity within 2 days after application and to 17% by the 10th day.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare influential factors of entrepreneurial activities over time in China and to compare China with other selected countries. The data are collected from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The method used is decision trees and chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis, which isolates important factors and examines entrepreneurship predictor importance. Design/methodology/approach The method used is decision trees and CHAID analysis which isolate important factors and examine entrepreneurship predictor importance. The original contribution of this paper is that this is the first time where artificial decision trees are applied to data to isolate factors that influence business startups and used across countries for comparative purposes. It is also the first application of this model to Chinese GEM. CHAID trees and predictor importance show the value of motivations of people who have already started businesses and shed light on how public policy can be influential in promoting entrepreneurship. Findings Results indicate that solid knowledge and skills of how to start a business and knowing someone who has already started a business are the most important factors in China and in most of the selected countries. Fear of failure is becoming less important for Chinese entrepreneurs over the years from 2003 to 2012. Results show that countries, including China, have to enhance skill and knowledge education if they want to promote small business entrepreneurship as a policy. The findings support human capital theory. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are due to using aggregated data from GEM surveys, which do not allow the authors to examine individual or household behavior. The authors do not know the variance and the distribution of responses to the questions asked and the locations in which the surveys were conducted. Another limitation is that GEM data do not report regional variations which can be modeled. For future work, the authors suggest more detailed data availability which will lead to isolating entrepreneurial problems and highlighting relevant attitudes important to entrepreneurs. Practical implications Better data collection is needed at household and regional levels to understand business starts and to promote entrepreneurship. Social implications Social implication of this research is to find out effective ways to increase entrepreneurial activities, therefore creating job opportunities and boosting economic growth. Educational programs will also decrease disparity of opportunity and incomes between different geographical regions in the country. The original contribution of this paper is that this is the first time artificial decision trees are applied to data to isolate factors that influence business startups across countries. Originality/value The original contribution of this paper is that this is the first time where artificial decision trees are applied to data to isolate factors that influence business startups and used across countries for comparative purposes. It is also the first application of this model to Chinese GEM. CHAID trees and predictor importance show the value of motivations of people who have already started businesses and shed light on how public policy can be influential in promoting entrepreneurship. This research modeled the breakdown of reasons people would start a business by using GEM data surveys.