Biomechanical Studies of Fibrous Tissues Applied to Fascial Surgery

Gratz, Charles Murray

doi:10.1001/archsurg.1937.01190090086005

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This appears to be between 2 and 5 per cent strain (Abrahams 1967, Elliott 1967, Gratz 1937, Gratz & Blackberg 1935, Rigby et al 1959, Stucke 1950. Harris et al (1964) consider that tendon is probably never stressed, in vivo, to greater than one-fourth its ultimate strength.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Recording Tendon Strain in Sheep During Locomotion

Kear

Smith

1975

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Recording Tendon Strain in Sheep During Locomotion

Kear

Smith

1975

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…Cronkite (1936), while aware of this technical defect, criticizes Gratz & Blackberg (1935) for cutting their specimens into thin strips to minimize it, as they would damage an unknown number of the interweaving fibres and weaken their material. Although it might be possible to secure one end by means of its bony insertion, the other, at least, must be gripped in some way around its circumference and thus, especially in the larger tendons, the superficial fibres must bear the greatest load.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I n fact all investigators have secured both ends of the tendon in the jaws of a clamp. Cronkite (1936), while aware of this technical defect, criticizes Gratz & Blackberg (1935) for cutting their specimens into thin strips to minimize it, as they would damage an unknown number of the interweaving fibres and weaken their material. Rollhauser (1950) selected either small tendons of less than 3 mm.2 thickness or larger ones which could be split into thinner strands without cutting, and he then wound threads round their ends to reduce the flattening between the jaws of the clamp.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). T h e stress-strain curves of tendons of various animals have also been determined and the slope calculated of the virtually linear part of the curve which follows the initial disproportionately rapid elongation (Gratz & Blackberg, 1935 ;Gratz, 1937). At the point known as 'the proportional limit' the tendon again elongates disproportionately rapidly and this usually occurs at a stress of not less than 5 kg./mm.2 and a strain of about 5 o/ o elongation.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Tendonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and Function of Mammalian Tendon

1965

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Summary 1. Tendons are a specialized form of connective tissue uniting muscle and bone and as such have functions essential to normal mobility. 2. The structural unit of tendon is the fibre, up to 300 µ in diameter, consisting of fibrils of collagen, encircled by the anastomosing processes of fibroblasts. Fibres are arranged in fasciculi but may pass from one to another so that successive cross‐sections show slightly different appearances. Such interweaving ensures the equal distribution of muscular tension over the whole area of insertion, particularly where the movement of a joint alters the angle between tendon and bone. 3. There are two hypotheses concerning the nature of the muscle‐tendon junction. First, the tension developed within a muscle fibre might be transmitted to the helical perisarcolemmal fibres of connective tissue surrounding its length and thence to the tendon, and secondly, and more probably, the tension might be transmitted directly from the end of the myofibrils to the interdigitating fibrils of the tendon. The interdependence of muscle and tendon is further illustrated by their longitudinal growth since the changing length of the muscle belly relative to the distance between the bony attachments determines the rate of growth and relative length of tendon. 4. The orientation of fibrous tissue in the tendon supports the hypothesis of a mechanical influence upon tendon growth, but there is no strict relationship between muscle strength and tendon thickness and various muscles differ in the ratio of their total fascicular cross‐sectional area to tendon thickness. It would appear that this difference develops post‐natally and, since a red postural muscle has a relatively thick tendon, it has been suggested that the duration as well as the level of transmitted tension might influence the growth of collagen. 5. Tendon thickness may increase proportionately with muscle cross‐sectional area in conditions which cause the muscle to hypertrophy, but when the muscle is de‐nervated or excised in the young animal growth of tendon thickness occurs in such a manner as to suggest that the growth of collagen is determined by the history of the total tension transmitted. 6. The tendon has a tensile strength which is probably four times as great as the maximum tension that it has to transmit in vivo and an even greater margin of safety is present in penniform muscles which transmit less maximum isometric tetanic tension per unit fascicular cross‐sectional area than do fusiform muscles. Although the wave form seen on the surface of a tendon when at rest is eliminated by less than 10 % of the maximum tension which its muscle is liable to transmit, it is possible that the normal range of tensions transmitted in vivo might fall within that part of the stress‐strain curve where the tendon is still easily extensible.

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“…Kleinschmidt (1914), Gratz (1937) and Foshee (1947) have found that fascia lata regenerates after the resection. Foshee is of the opinion that "herniation will be prevented by the newly formed regenerated fascia."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%