Biomedical applications of additive manufacturing: Present and future

Abstract

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Bioactive glass and glass‐ceramic orbital implants

“…74 AM-based approaches have been widely employed to develop tissue engineering bioactive glass scaffolds for the repair of bone and osteochondral defects 75 ; however, their applicability in ophthalmology is still limited to few studies addressed to orbital floor repair (45S5 Bioglass ® porous meshes produced by stereolithography 76 or laser-cladded nonporous plates 77 ). 74 AM-based approaches have been widely employed to develop tissue engineering bioactive glass scaffolds for the repair of bone and osteochondral defects 75 ; however, their applicability in ophthalmology is still limited to few studies addressed to orbital floor repair (45S5 Bioglass ® porous meshes produced by stereolithography 76 or laser-cladded nonporous plates 77 ).…”

Influence of processing parameters on mechanical properties of a 3D‐printed trabecular bone microstructure

“…In the field of tissue engineering, the possibility of producing sophisticated porous structures with a fraction of the cost compared to typical manufacturing methods has made 3DP the preferred option for scaffold production. Specifically, microscale scaffolds for bone replacement and regeneration are of great interest …”

“…This implies the importance of determining the reproducibility of mechanical properties of printed scaffolds. The unavailability of a standard detailing the process parameters for every step involved in 3DP of medical‐related objects has been viewed as the main barrier for certification of AM components and methods to be used . Consequently, benchmark tests to reach to a standardized methodology and process for 3DP of the medical objects are deemed necessary by multiple groups in this field .…”

“…Specifically, microscale scaffolds for bone replacement and regeneration are of great interest. 1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Bone scaffolds temporarily replace the defected or lost bone section until the regeneration process is taken place and new bone tissue is produced. The mechanical properties (stiffness and strength) of scaffolds used for bone regeneration play an important role in determining the possibility and quality of cell regrowth and proliferation.…”

“…The correct reproduction of the input geometry and structure is of great importance to achieve the required structural function of the printed specimen. 1,35,36 However, high resolutions result in huge STL files, which cannot be handled by commercial 3D printers and make mesh simplification steps inevitable. Up to now the influence of such simplifications on the printed structure is not investigated.…”