Biometrischer Vergleich der Topogenesemuster an der Schädelbasis kleiner und mittelgroßer Hunde 1

2021

In this report we investigate the origin and nature of morphological diversity in domestic dogs utilizing a database of over 1,000 recent and ancient canid skulls and skeletons. Integrated skull–skeleton analysis reveals eight functional groups, giving a clear picture of the extent and kind of morphological diversity produced by dog breeders in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia beginning in the Neolithic and intensifying about 2,100 years ago during the late Iron Age and Roman Era. We report nearly complete associated remains of a large sighthound from Vindolanda, a Roman-era fort–village site in northern England. With this we compare skulls of other sighthounds, and contrast them with remains of guard dogs from Vindolanda and other archaeological sites. The shape of jaw rami, relative size of teeth and state of dental wear, and the size and proportions of postcranial elements are the best differentiators of large dog morphotypes, while most skull parameters are less useful. The central section of the basicranium in ancient sighthounds (parameter Px which measures juvenilization) is little different from wolves, whereas in some modern breeds it is noticeably longer. By contrast, many ancient guard dogs have Px shorter than in wolves and show moderate juvenilization. Gracile sighthounds appear in the archaeological record in the Neolithic, while the earliest robust guard dogs appear later, in Iron Age sites. Building on results of previous work (Bennett & Timm, 2018) we continue to find intriguing similarities between west Asian dog

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analyses Of Jaw Ramus and Dentition In Als And Agdmentioning

confidence: 99%

dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part IV: Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs

Bennett¹,

2021

“…Ideally, the two parameters which make up the ratio axis are selected on the basis of high discriminatory power as indicated by the results of principal component analysis; we previously performed and reported PCAs from which we derive many of the MTAs in this report (Bennett et al, 2016). Other MTAs herein presented are not based on PCAs but rather upon indexes considered by Harcourt (1974), Huber (1974), Lüps (1974), or Nussbaumer (1978 to have high discriminatory power (Figures 9-11). Successful MTA analysis shows a diagonal "spread" of hulls pertaining to different groups, in other words the groups separate along both the size axis and along the ratio axis.…”

Section: Multivariate Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous paper (Bennett et al, 2016), we present indexes of functional significance (sug- gested by results of PCA), the most diagnostic of which are mouth shape, neck strength, and grip strength. The relationship of klinorhynchy (the downward angling of the snout, see Nussbaumer, 1982;Phillips et al, 2009) in dictating the shape of the jaw ramus is also important. Although these skull features are of great functional significance in wild and feral canids, it is not clear in all cases that breeders have primarily, or even deliberately, selected for greater hunting prowess or masticatory efficiency in small domestic dogs.…”

Section: Analyses Of Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part III: Quantifying juvenilization and pleiotropic effects of miniaturization

Bennett¹,

2018

In this report we focus on harriers, small dogs of gracile build widely represented in Roman artwork, yet not previously documented from skull or skeletal material. With them we compare remains of other types of small dogs from Vindolanda and other Roman-era sites. Accurate characterization of small dogs requires differentiation between paedomorphy and juvenilization in skull ontogeny. We present a new method for quantifying the degree of juvenilization in dog skulls which is based on understanding the differential development of endochondral and dermal centers of ossification. We enumerate functional and pleiotropic effects of skull and dental morphology and development that are characteristic of miniature dogs but rare in dwarf dogs and in large, normally-proportioned dogs. By comparing a wide array of modern dogs and wolves, we determine the degree to which small gracile dogs of the Roman era differ from primitive, non-juvenilized forms. We employ ratio analysis of dog skull shape utilizing parameters previously indicated by principal component analysis (PCA) as being of high diagnostic value. Although some small and medium-sized domestic dogs have highly juvenilized skulls, equally small skulls from Vindolanda are no more juvenilized than wolves or Dingoes. While small, gracile dogs existed as early as the late Iron Age, we conclude that juvenilization in dogs arose after the Roman era.

“…Measurements were taken with electronic calipers and recorded to the hundredth mm. Parameters are a combination of those recommended by Lüps (1974), Driesch (1976), Nussbaumer (1978Nussbaumer ( , 1982, and (Figures 3,4). The relative downbending (klinorhynchy) or upbending (airorhynchy) of the snout was assessed using a six-inch fine-toothed contour gauge.…”

Section: Recovery Comparison Measurement and Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part I: Morphometric techniques useful in differentiating domestic and wild canids

Bennett¹,

Campbell²,

2016

El fuerte-poblado romano de Vindolanda en el norte de Inglaterra fue ocupado desde el 50 al 415 A.D. y ha proporcionado una importante colección de restos bien conservados de perro, Canis familiaris. En este trabajo, utilizando una combinación inédita de técnicas bioestadísticas para determinar los parámetros que mejor diferencian cánidos, verificamos la hipótesis referida a una cría selectiva de perros por parte de los habitantes de Vindolanda. Al tiempo, discriminamos los restos de perros de los de lobo y zorro común, dos especies de cánidos de talla semejante al perro distribuidos por toda Eurasia. Los perros de Vindolanda se encuentran morfológicamente menos diferenciados que sus parientes actuales pero mucho más que sus parientes británicos del Neolítico y Edad del Hierro. Su diferenciación morfológica es igual de amplia que la de los perros procedentes de otros yacimientos romano-británicos y solo ligeramente inferior a la documentada para todos los perros de época romana procedentes de Europa y el Norte de África. Por ello, parece que los perros de Vindolanda sufrieron una selección direccional superior a la esperada cuando se asume sólo la existencia de presiones ambientales lo cual sugiere que fue una cría selectiva, y no tanto una panmixis aleatoria de individuos, lo que mantuvo tal grado de diversificación. Los perros de Vindolanda constituyen un grupo ideal para realizar análisis de ADN toda vez que parece incorporan individuos que manifiestan una diversificación incipiente a partir de antecesores con aspecto de dingo.