Bisphenol A and Metabolites in Meat and Meat Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Recent Development in Analytical Methods

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a commonly used compound in many industries and has versatile applications in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins production. BPA is classified as endocrine-disrupting chemical which can hamper fetal development during pregnancy and may have long term negative health outcomes in humans. Dietary sources, main route of BPA exposure, can be contaminated by the migration of BPA into food during processing. The global regulatory framework for using this compound in food contact materials is currently not harmonized. This review aims to outline, survey, and critically evaluate BPA contamination in meat products, including level of BPA and/or metabolites present, exposure route, and recent advancements in the analytical procedures of these compounds from meat and meat products. The contribution of meat and meat products to the total dietary exposure of BPA ranges between 10 and 50% depending on the country and exposure scenario considered. From can lining materials of meat products, BPA migrates towards the solid phase resulting higher BPA concentration in solid phase than the liquid phase of the same can. The analytical procedure is comprised of meat sample pre-treatment, followed by cleaning with solid phase extraction (SPE), and chromatographic analysis. Considering several potential sources of BPA in industrial and home culinary practices, BPA can also accumulate in non-canned or raw meat products. Very few scientific studies have been conducted to identify the amount in raw meat products. Similarly, analysis of metabolites and identification of the origin of BPA contamination in meat products is still a challenge to overcome.

Bisphenol and Phthalate Migration Test from Mexican Meat Packaging Using HPLC-DAD Technique

“…e bisphenol and PAE concentrations obtained in our work were greater than those reported by these authors because the analysis was realized on the packaging and not on the meat samples. Besides, these differences also could be explained if it is considered that the migration of these compounds is influenced by parameters, such as the types of components in packaging material, and more importantly, the type of foodstuff (fatty, acidic, or aqueous) [3]. Otherwise, Jarošová and Bogdanovičová found the DEP and DBP mean concentrations of 75-375 mg kg −1 and 75-325 mg kg −1 , respectively, in 12 samples of meat products independent of the fat content.…”

“…However, the migration of monomers, oligomers, and food additives may occur because of direct contact with the food [2]. Some examples of these compounds are the bisphenols used as stabilizers in the manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and phthalates (PAEs), which are the diesters of phthalic acids and the most common plasticizers in plastic packaging [3,4]. PAEs and bisphenols are not bound to the polymer matrix chemically and are known to migrate from food contact materials (paper, plastics, glass, metal, and printing inks) that protect food from physical damage and microbial spoilage [5].…”

Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

“…Its use in the manufacturing of baby products is banned in many countries [ 15 ]. Thermal paper production with BPA is also restricted in the European Union, Japan and many other places all over the world [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Unfortunately, BPA is substituted with other BPs.…”

“…This requires quick and inexpensive procedures. Several approaches have been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of BPs [ 17 , 20 ]. The most commonly used is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, i.e., UV detectors, diode array detectors (DAD), fluorescence detectors (FLD), or with mass spectrometry (MS).…”

“…These kinds of approaches offer even lower detection limits than the HPLC methods, but they are difficult to transfer for commercial purposes. The ELISA methodology has also been applied for the analyses of bisphenols [ 17 ]. Another alternative method for the direct evaluation of BPs is molecular fluorescence spectroscopy (MFS).…”