Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China

Gao, Zhiqiang; Cao, Jia; Jin, Yan; Wang, Ju; Cai, Shi-Zhong; Yan, Chen‐Hua

doi:10.1155/2017/4934198

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…One-year-old children had the highest proportion (65%) of BLLs < 5 µg/dL. This finding is consistent with a 2017 study in a community with lead smelting, battery production and production of lead-containing chemicals in China that found the highest BLLs were among children ages 3–5 years [25]. The increase in BLLs with age might result from older children being more likely to have activities outside the home, creating greater contact with potential sources of lead exposure (e.g., soil and dust).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Prihartono

Djuwita

Mahmud

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) among children 1 to 5 years old who reside near and distant to informally used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recycling locations and examine risk factors for elevated BLLs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three greater Jakarta neighborhoods where informal ULAB recycling occurs. Venous BLLs among 279 children were analyzed using portable blood lead testing machines. Demographic, child activities, and sources of lead exposure inside and outside homes were assessed. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the prevalence of BLLs. Forty-seven percent of children had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL and 9% had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. No differences in geometric mean BLLs were observed between children who lived near and distant to ULAB locations. Older child age groups [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 2.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.16, 4.18) and low household income (PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.40) were associated with BLLs 5–9 µg/dL. Low educational attainment of the child’s father (PR 3.17, 95% CI 1.23, 8.16) and frequent outdoor child activity (PR 4.93, 95% CI 1.09, 22.21) were predictors of BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. This study shows the association between lead exposure among children and environmental sources. Public health officials can consider expanded surveillance, health care provider education, and development of strategies to reduce lead exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Prihartono

Djuwita

Mahmud

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Lead toxicity is a worldwide public health hazard. There is no completely safe blood lead level (BLL) to date – even 5 μg/dL - and damage may occur at low BLL [ 4 , 5 ]. Even though developed countries promoted environmental regulations to lower lead poisoning rates, developing countries still represent high rates of lead toxicity, especially in the children [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental assessment of pediatric Lead exposure in Tehran; a prospective cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background Ingestion and inhalation are common routes of exposure for lead in humans. Developing countries still have unacceptably high rates of lead toxicity, especially in children. Studies on probable risk factors of lead poisoning in Iranian children are insufficient. In this study, we aimed to evaluate possible environmental factors in children with high blood lead concentrations living in Tehran and neighboring cities. Methods In a prospective cross-sectional study between March 2018 and March 2019 we followed all children referred from two pediatric gastrointestinal clinics with blood lead level (BLL) > 5 μg/dL in metropolitan Tehran to investigate possible environmental risk factors in their home. Household specimens including scratched wall paint, house floor dust, windowsill dust, tap water, and consumed spice were evaluated using atomic absorption method to detect lead concentrations. Epidemiological and environmental data collected through in-depth interviews with parents/guardians. Industrial areas were defined based on municipality maps on industrial places. Results Thirty of 56 parents/guardians with BLL > 5 μg/dL agreed to be followed through environmental investigation. The only categorical statistically significant risk factor was a history of lead poisoning in the family and living in an industrial zone. There was a positive correlation between BLL and interior windowsills dust lead level, r = 0.46, p = 0.01. Scratched paint lead level and BLL showed a significant positive correlation, r = 0.50, p = 0.005. House floor dust lead level (median = 77.4, p < 0.001) and interior windowsill dust lead level (median = 291, p = 0.011) were both significantly higher than the environmental protection agency (EPA) standards of 40 μg/ft2, 250 μg/ft2. Interior windowsill dust lead concentrations were significantly higher in industrial areas (p = 0.026). Conclusion Children’s playing environment should be cleaned more often to reduce dust. Moreover, specific rules may need to be implemented for paint lead concentrations and air pollution, especially in industrial areas.

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“…More than 50% of children with symptoms of excessive blood lead had the following characteristics: their homes were near factories, garages and construction sites around the residential area [ 67 ], the distance from downtown or a commercial street was less than 500 m [ 68 , 69 ] ( Table 14 ). Gao [ 70 ] and Li [ 67 ], in their own studies indicated that the above characteristics were risk factors for elevated blood levels in children. Previous studies have shown that the closer the ground was, the higher the concentration of lead in the atmosphere was.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China

Sun

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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With the growth of industry, the extensive use of lead, and urban expansion in Northwestern Valley Cities (NVC) China, there is probable reason for presuming an increasing risk of lead exposure. However, little is known about the lead exposure of children less than 6 years old in NVC. As a first investigation, this study uses a survey to systematically determine the influences of various risk factors within the family environment, parents’ background, children’s behavior, mother’s behavior during pregnancy, and parental perception about children’s blood lead (CBL). A total of 596 families were recruited from the general population in Urumqi, Lanzhou, Xining and Yan’an. Parents, and their children (<6 years old), were asked about the environment and behaviors which could possibly relate with lead exposure. The results indicated that in the typical NVC of China, children’s environment and behavior, parents’ education level, and mother’s pregnancy behavior, were associated with potential CBL. It was noted that not all parents in NVC China recognized the importance of children’s lead exposure. Therefore, children’s health care and medical screening campaigns need to be designed to improve family’s fundamental knowledge of lead hazards, associated health effects, and prevention in the NVC of China.

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Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China

Cited by 19 publications

References 38 publications

Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Prevalence of Blood Lead among Children Living in Battery Recycling Communities in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

Environmental assessment of pediatric Lead exposure in Tehran; a prospective cross-sectional study

Use of a Survey to Assess the Environmental Exposure and Family Perception to Lead in Children (<6 Years) in Four Valley Cities, Northwestern China

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