Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Qiu, Jun; Wang, Kewei; Wu, Xiaoli; Xiao, Zhenghui; Lu, Xiulan; Zhu, Yimin; Zuo, Chao; Yang, Yongjia; Wang, Youjie

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122710

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We used capillary blood instead of venous blood because obtaining it is less invasive, minimizes pain, requires smaller amounts of blood volume, and the procedure can be performed quickly and easily [24]. Furthermore, it has been found that capillary blood sample collection by fingerstick has very low (<10%) contamination error rates [14,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response rate in our study was high (80%) which may be due to counseling parents about the study, providing a free test which is otherwise not available as a regular test in Nepal, and distributing lead test results to parents. We used capillary blood instead of venous blood because obtaining it is less invasive, minimizes pain, requires smaller amounts of blood volume, and the procedure can be performed quickly and easily [ 24 ]. Furthermore, it has been found that capillary blood sample collection by fingerstick has very low (<10%) contamination error rates [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High blood levels of lead in children aged 6-36 months in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A cross-sectional study of associated factors

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Young children are at greatest risk of exposure to lead and its effects. Although lead is one of the most widely used elements with known health hazard, there is little data on the blood lead level (BLL) of children in the Kathmandu Valley. Thus, this study aimed to assess factors associated with high BLL in children who were 6–36 months of age and resided in the Kathmandu Valley. In this hospital-based cross-sectional study 6–36 month-old children visiting the Paediatrics Outpatient Department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Patan Hospital, and Siddhi Memorial Hospital were enrolled. All three hospitals are located in different areas inside the Kathmandu Valley. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents, and exposure data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Portable Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) was used to determine BLLs in children. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Of 312 children enrolled in the study, 64.4% had BLLs ≥5μg/dl. A significant association was found between BLL and exposure to enamel paints in the household in the form of painting materials used in different parts of the house like walls, windows and doors (p = 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analyses showed that BLLs were 4.5 times higher in children playing with dirt and dust (p = 0.006) and that children belonging to the community of lower caste/ethnicity groups had significantly higher BLLs compared to those from the upper caste groups (p = 0.02). Our study demonstrated that children living in households that have used enamel paints, children belonging to lower caste/ethnic groups, and children frequently playing with dirt and dust had significantly higher BLLs. The results of this study highlight the importance of policy decisions to limit environmental lead contamination, and to roll out awareness building measures designed to limit lead exposure and break the poverty cycle associated with chronic lead poisoning.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High blood levels of lead in children aged 6-36 months in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A cross-sectional study of associated factors

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, when analyzing the epidemiological data, Li et al found that BLLs declined in children aged 0–18 years from 1990 to 2012 [ 16 ]. By 2013, the BLLs of children aged 0–6 years in Hunan Province were only 20 μ g/L [ 19 ]. Similarly, the BLLs of children in Shanghai in 2014 were much lower than the earlier reported data [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a substantial increase in the number of small family businesses that use lead-containing products has occurred in this region in recent years. As a result, despite the overall decline in children's BLLs in China over the past 10 years [ 16 , 19 , 23 ], children's exposure to lead is still common in Taizhou.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China

Gao

Cao

Jin

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective. To determine the blood lead levels and identify related risk factors among preschool children in a lead polluted area (Taizhou, China) and provide theoretical support for prevention of lead pollution. Methods. A stratified-clustered-random sampling method was used to determine the survey sample. Blood lead levels were determined by the tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer. Results. A total of 2,018 subjects (average age of 59 months; 1,087 boys and 931 girls) were included. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median blood lead levels of the preschool children were 56.4 μg/L, 48.9 μg/L, and 46 μg/L. A total of 8.8% children had blood lead levels >100 μg/L and 43.9% had blood lead levels >50 μg/L. Mother's education level, father's occupation, decorative tableware, exposure to makeup, and the residential floor were all risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (odds ratios of 1.42, 1.21, 1.11, 1.19, and 1.27, resp.), while hand washing before eating food was a protective factor (odds ratio of 0.88). Conclusions. The blood lead levels of preschool children in Taizhou were higher than in other areas in China and in developed countries. Therefore, policies ensuring lead-based industries are not placed in close proximity to residential areas are required.

show abstract

“…Over the last 40 years, blood lead levels (BLL) in children have fallen dramatically, worldwide, probably due to the removal of lead from petrol, paints and other manufactured products [6], together with specific measures to limit its harmful effects [7,8]. However, population-based studies continue to report the presence of toxic levels of lead in children [4,9]. In developing or underdeveloped countries, its prevalence remains high, and so health problems persist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors

Ruiz-Tudela

Vázquez-López

García-Escobar

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To determine blood lead levels (BLL) in a healthy paediatric population and to analyse related sociodemographic, dietary and haematological factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was made of 1427 healthy subjects aged 1–16 years from the city of Almería (south-eastern Spain). BLL, iron parameters and erythropoietin were determined, and sociodemographic and dietary data obtained. The study paramateters was analyses in BLL toxic and BLL no toxic group by multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean BLL was 1.98 ± 1.1 µg/dL (95% CI:1.91–2.04). For 5.7% of the population, mean BLL was 2–5 µg/dL, for 2.1% it was >5 µg/dL and for 0.15% it was >10 µg/dL. Multivariate analysis showed that immigrant origin (OR:11.9; p < 0.0001), low level of parental education (OR:4.6; p < 0.02) and low dietary iron bioavailability (OR: 3.2; p < 0.02) were all risk factors for toxic BLL. Subjects with toxic and non-toxic BLL presented similar iron and erythropoiesis-related parameters, except erythrocyte protoporphyrin, which was significantly higher in the BLL >5 µg/dL group. Conclusions: BLL and the prevalence of toxic BLL in healthy subjects aged 1–16 years living in south-eastern Spain are low and similar to those found in other developed countries. The factors associated with toxic BLL are immigrant origin, low level of parental education and dietary iron deficiency. The toxicity of BLL was not related to changes in the analytical parameters studied.

show abstract

Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

High blood levels of lead in children aged 6-36 months in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A cross-sectional study of associated factors

High blood levels of lead in children aged 6-36 months in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A cross-sectional study of associated factors

Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors among Preschool Children in a Lead Polluted Area in Taizhou, China

Blood Lead Level in a Paediatric Population of South-Eastern Spain and Associated Risk Factors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About