Body fat: What is regulated?

Mrosovsky, N.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90113-7

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Specifically, whereas two intra‐abdominal fat depots (epididymal and mesenteric/visceral) of male rats grow mostly by cellular hypertrophy, two other regions (subcutaneous inguinal and retroperitoneal) grow mostly by cellular hyperplasia. The depot‐ specific regulation of these growth patterns may result from the interaction of genetics, local factors, systemic factors, vascularization, and degree of innervation by the sympathetic nervous system (8, 9). Local factors identified in white adipose tissue include angiotensinogen, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), and leptin (5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), but others continue to be recognized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressions of Leptin and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Are Highly Correlated and Region‐Specific in Adipose Tissue of Growing Rats

et al. 2000

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VILLAFUERTE, BETTY C., JACQUELINE B. FINE, YAOHUI BAI, WEIDONG ZHAO, SHEA FLEMING, AND MARIO DIGIROLAMO. Expressions of leptin and insulinlike growth factor-I are highly correlated and region-specific in adipose tissue of growing rats. Obes Res. 2000;8:646 -655. Objective: Anatomically distinct adipose tissue regions differ in their predominant modality of growth (i.e., cellular hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia). We examined site-specific patterns of expression of two genes whose products, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), could be involved in mediating differential growth and metabolism of white adipose tissue. We also related these patterns of expression to measures of adipose depot cellularity. Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum and studied from ages 7 weeks to ϳ12 months. Terminal measures of body weights; weights, composition, and cellularity of four white adipose depots; circulating leptin and IGF-I; and adipose depot-specific expression levels of leptin and IGF-I were measured in subsets of rats at 7, 12, 22, 42, and 46 weeks of age. Results: Both leptin and IGF-I mRNAs are quantitatively expressed in a depot-specific manner, in the following order: retroperitoneal Х epididymal Ͼ mesenteric Ͼ subcutaneous inguinal. Furthermore, there is a marked correlation between the expressions of these hormones in the various regions of adipose tissue of rats during the first year of life. The mechanisms that underlie the parallel expressions of leptin and IGF-I appear to be related to fat-cell volume. Discussion:Because both leptin and IGF-I have been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and are both expressed in adipose tissue, the depot-specific linkage between the two genes suggests interaction at the autocrine level. This interaction may have an important role in determining functional properties particular to individual adipose depots.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressions of Leptin and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Are Highly Correlated and Region‐Specific in Adipose Tissue of Growing Rats

et al. 2000

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“…Treatment of this condition is generally unsuccessful due to the operation of physiological mechanisms that restore adipose mass to baseline after intentional or unintentional changes (3)(4)(5). A particularly important mechanism acting to stabilize body fat content is the decrease in appetite and caloric intake that accompanies any increase in total adipose mass (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant ob protein reduces feeding and body weight in the ob/ob mouse.

Weigle¹,

Bukowski²,

Foster³

et al. 1995

J. Clin. Invest.

416

192

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To determine whether the product of the recently cloned ob gene functions as an adipose-related satiety factor, recombinant murine ob protein was administered intraperitoneally to ob/ob mice. Monomeric ob protein given as single morning injections to groups of three animals at seven doses ranging from 5 to 100 jpg reduced 24-h chow consumption in a dose-dependent manner from values of 81±6.8% of control (10-pmg dose, P = 0.04) to 29±7.7% of control (100-pug dose, P < 0.0001). Daily injections of 80 pzg of ob protein into six ob/ob mice for 2 wk led to an 11±1.6% decrease in body weight (P = 0.0009) and suppressed feeding to 26±4.9% of baseline (P < 0.0001), with significant reduction of serum insulin and glucose levels. The effect of recombinant ob protein on feeding was not augmented by cofactors secreted by adipose tissue, nor did exposure of adipose tissue to ob protein affect intracellular ob mRNA levels. Posttranslational modification of ob protein was not required for activity; however, addition of a hexahistidine tag to the amino terminus of the mature ob protein resulted in prolonged suppression of feeding after injection into ob/ob mice. These results demonstrate a direct effect of the ob protein to suppress feeding in the ob/ob mouse and suggest that this molecule plays a critical role in regulating total body fat content.(J. Clin.

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“…This has led to the evolution of two systems. Other examples of multiple systems serving related but different functions could be described, such as the variety of skin cells found on the surface of the body, fat depots with specialized functions (Mrosovsky, 1986), and multiple muscle systems (Burke, 1985).…”

Section: Functional Incompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of multiple memory systems.

Sherry

Schacter²

1987

Psychological Review

813

396

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The existence of multiple memory systems has been proposed in a number of areas, including cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and the study of animal learning and memory. We examine whether the existence of such multiple systems seems likely on evolutionary grounds. Multiple systems adapted to serve seemingly similar functions, which differ in important ways, are a common evolutionary outcome. The evolution of multiple memory systems requires memory systems to be specialized to such a degree that the functional problems each system handles cannot be handled by another system. We define this condition as functional incompatibility and show that it occurs for a number of the distinctions that have been proposed between memory systems. The distinction between memory for song and memory for spatial locations in birds, and between incremental habit formation and memory for unique episodes in humans and other primates provide examples. Not all memory systems are highly specialized in function, however, and the conditions under which memory systems could evolve to serve a wide range of functions are also discussed.Memory is a function that permits animals and people to acquire, retain, and retrieve many different kinds of information. We would like to thank Fergus Craik, Victoria Esses, Luc-Alain GiraIdeau, Robert Lockhart, David Olton, Paul Rozin, Sara Shettleworth, Larry Squire, Endel Tulving, and Derek Van der Kooy for their many helpful comments and Carol Macdonald for her help with preparation of this article.The order of authorship was determined by a coin toss at the Young Lok Restaurant, where most of the article evolved.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to David F. Sherry, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1 or to Daniel L. Schacter, who is now at the Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721. 1978;Olton, Becker, & Handelmann, 1979;Rozin & Kalat, 1971;Schacter &Moscovitch, 1984;Shettleworth, 1972;Squire & Cohen, 1984;Tulving, 1983). Some researchers are not convinced of the need to postulate the existence of multiple memory systems, however, and maintain that the experimental evidence does not mandate rejecting the view of a unitary learning and memory system that is explainable by a single set of general principles or laws (Bitterman, 1975;Craik, 1983;Jacoby, 1983Jacoby, , 1984Kolers & Roediger, 1984;Logue, 1979;MacPhail, 1982;Revusky, 1977).The purposes of this article are to determine whether there are evolutionary grounds for favoring a unitary or a nonunitary view of memory and to bring together recent research on memory systems in humans and animals that bears on this problem. The principal question we address is whether the evolution of qualitatively distinct memory systems would be expected to occur or whether a single memory system that is characterized by increasing complexity and flexibility is the expected evolutionary outcome. We develop an argument that favors the former alternative and that...

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Body fat: What is regulated?

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Expressions of Leptin and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Are Highly Correlated and Region‐Specific in Adipose Tissue of Growing Rats

Expressions of Leptin and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Are Highly Correlated and Region‐Specific in Adipose Tissue of Growing Rats

Recombinant ob protein reduces feeding and body weight in the ob/ob mouse.

The evolution of multiple memory systems.

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