“…In addition, FRP bars have additional advantages, including high tensile strength, light weight and excellent fatigue resistance (Kazemi et al, 2020), and therefore have been used in concrete structures, such as those in bridge engineering (Zafari et al, 2016;Siwowski et al, 2018;Kim, 2019;Zou et al, 2021), geotechnical engineering (Merwe and Hofmann, 2020) and traffic engineering (AI-Saoudi et al, 2021). However, compared with normal reinforced concrete structures, FRP reinforced concrete structures are characterized by higher deflection and larger crack widths due to their lower modulus and linear elasticity before fracture (no yield state) (Gar et al, 2018;Issa and Ismail, 2020;Liu et al, 2021); these factors hinders further promotion and application of FRP materials in the field of civil engineering (Barris et al, 2017;Ge et al, 2020).…”