Bone morphogenetic proteins: The anomalous molecules

Abstract

Bone is unique of all the tissues in the vertebrate organism. When injured, it heals by formation of new bone. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are powerful inductors of the osteogenic activity during the embryologic bone formation phase and in cases of bone healing. They have proliferative effects on different cellular types, showing chemotactic properties and are able to induce mesenchymal cells differentiation into osteoblastic and chondroblastic line cells. Both primary cells and cell lines have been shown to respond to BMPs. Further the ability of embryonic cells to respond to BMPs by differentiating into cartilage and bone cells suggests that they are involved in the development of embryonic skeletal system. In addition, these proteins can also promote the angiogenesis, regulate the activity of some growth factors, and affect the production of these growth factors, which is helpful for the osteogenesis. BMPs have been considered as the most potent growth factors that can promote the bone regeneration. Thus, the aim of this review is to emphasize on the unique nature of the BMP molecules regarding their structure, classification, signaling mechanism, etc., as BMPs are the only molecules which show such deviation from the normal order, type. This will further help in understanding the role of BMPs and their potential advances which are necessary to facilitate the process of regeneration in periodontics.

Hondroplastic Efficiency of Calcified Bone Matrix Produced by Original Technology

“…(13,14) BMPs act on the receptors of the cell membrane and play a significant role in regulating the growth, differentiation and apoptosis of various cell types including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and nerve and epithelial cells. (15) To date, 20 types of BMP have been identified. The most fully studied for the regeneration of bone and cartilage are BMP-2 and BMP-7, but there are reports of active participation in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis and other BMP species.…”

Bone morphogenetic proteins for articular cartilage regeneration

“…BMP-9, also known as growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF-2), is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and liver during fetal development, and in the adult liver 102,103 . The ability of BMP-9 to induce the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells was found to be more potent than that of other BMPs 16 . Majumdar et al cultured hMSCs with BMP-2 and BMP-9, and found elevated expression of Col 2 mRNA and increased expression of aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, indicating chondrogenic differentiation of the cells.…”

“…After dimerization, these proteins are cleaved proteolytically at a consensus Arg-X-X-Arg site to generate mature dimers. BMPs consist of dimers whose chains are connected by disulfide bonds, and this dimerization is a prerequisite for bone induction 16,17 .…”

miR-765 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by targeting BMP6 via regulating the BMP6/Smad1/5/9 signaling pathway

“…Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a protein that is essential for the normal repair of fractures [14]. Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete these BMP proteins, releasing them in large quantities into the bone matrix environment [15]. In total, there are over 20 BMP family proteins, and they are known to be able to strongly promote osteogenesis via direct stimulation of hMSCs leading to their differentiation [16,17].…”