Bonghan Ducts as Possible Pathways for Cancer Metastasis

Yoo, Jung Sun; Kim, Hong Bae; Ogay, Vyacheslav; Lee, Byeong Cheol; Ahn, Seong-Hun; Soh, Kwang–Sup

doi:10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60043-1

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…He did not, however, disclose his method of observing the system in detail, so until recently, no exact confirmation of his work was ever accomplished despite many attempts in China, Japan, and Russia, except, for a partial reproduction by a Japanese anatomist, Fujiwara (Fujiwara and Yu, 1967). Observations of primo vessels in rabbits, rats, and mice were recently made by applying modern bio-imaging techniques (Soh, 2009), which has not only confirmed Kim's claims but also provided new findings and information, such as in vivo staining of the primo vessels with trypan blue (Lee et al, 2009b) and the existence of primo vessels inside fat tissues (Lee et al, 2009a) and on the surfaces of subcutaneous tumor tissues (Yoo et al, 2009). Furthermore, some evidence for a fluid-conducting function of the primo-vascular system has been provided by measurements of the flow speed (Sung et al, 2008) and the fluid viscosity (Sung et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The structure was differentiated with lymphatic vessels, coagulated fibrins, or blood vessels. Primo vessels can exist both around and inside cancer tumors and inflammatory lesions (Yoo et al, 2009). The primo vascular system has been found in lung cancer and the ovarian cancer mouse models alongside blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (Yoo et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primo vessels can exist both around and inside cancer tumors and inflammatory lesions (Yoo et al, 2009). The primo vascular system has been found in lung cancer and the ovarian cancer mouse models alongside blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (Yoo et al, 2009). The density of primo vessels is positively correlated with tumor growth and inflammatory lesions (Yoo et al, 2009), suggesting that primo vessels play important roles in cancer development and other inflammatory diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A primo vessel-like structure in a dog with inflammatory pseudotumor

Cho¹,

Shi²,

Han³

et al. 2012

Korean Journal of Veterinary Service

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a term defining a mass characterized microscopically by a proliferation of bland mesenchymal spindle cells infiltrated by diffuse mixed inflammatory cells with a predominance of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Here, we show the primo vessel-like structure of the primo-vascular system (PVS) in a dog with IPT. A 6-years old male Mongrel dog was diagnosed with an abnormal mass (diameter 5.5 cm, weight 22 g) near left preputial area. The dog was submitted to the surgical detectomy of the mass. During the surgical operation, we observed primo vessel-like material. After fixations, the masses appeared macroscopically as lipoid-like, firm, white to grey masses, measuring 5×8 cm. Histologically, cellular infiltration into the muscular layers was frequently seen. The mesenchymal proliferation remained the main component of the mass and was composed of myofibroblastic-like spindle cells characterized by globular, irregular nuclei containing open chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. On the basis of the histopathologic lesions, the subcutaneous mass was diagnosed as IPT. Also, we detected a primo vessel-like structures in some areas of the IPT tissues. These were observed as novel thread-like structures and bundle of tubular structures. To our knowledge, this report is the first case of primo vessel-like structure in a dog with IPT.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A primo vessel-like structure in a dog with inflammatory pseudotumor

Cho¹,

Shi²,

Han³

et al. 2012

Korean Journal of Veterinary Service

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Even early pioneers of the PVS conjectured about its possible connection with cancer [22,23] , but the first observation of a cancer-associated PVS (C-PVS) was made with nude mice into which human lung cancer cells had been in occulated [24] .Two to eight weeks after tumor cell inoculation, the skin on the xenografted tumor was removed to expose the tumor with an intact membrane. Trypan blue solution was poured on the membrane of the exposed tumor drop by drop and washed off with warm saline, and the C-PVS appeared.…”

Section: Cancer-associated Primo Vascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Yoo

Soh

2014

Cancer Cell Microenviron

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metastasis is the principal cause of death among cancer patients. Despite intensive research with the application of genetic and molecular biology, its prevention and management remain far from satisfactory. More innovative approaches are needed. The major routes for tumor dissemination are the two circulatory systems, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, so the metastases occurring through them are referred to as lymphatic and hematogenous metastases, respectively. Surprisingly, a new circulatory system, named the primo vascular system (PVS), which is composed of very thin primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs), has recently emerged as a third circulatory system. Thus, a natural conjecture would be that the PVS might be associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis, and, indeed, that conjecture has been supported by strong evidence of metastasis in rodents with xenograft tumors. In fact, a study showed that migration of tumor cells to secondary sites was more efficient in the PVS than in the lymphatic system. In addition, the PVS is also a conduit for a fluid, which, according to proteomic analyses contains remarkably high levels of carbohydrate metabolic derivatives that are usually associated with stem cells, cancer cells and differentiated myeloid cells. Thus, the PVS has the potential to transport growth and communication factors between primary and secondary tumor sites, thereby enhancing the oncogenicity of tumor cells at secondary sites. Furthermore, the study of a tumor-derived PVS in murine xenografts of human histiocytic lymphoma has suggested that the PVS may provide a safe haven for a select population of cancer stem cells. These pieces of evidences for the involvement of the PVS in cancer metastasis is call for more intensive investigations of its possible role as an incubating microenvironment for tumor formation, propagation, sustenance, and relapse.

show abstract

“…Cancer-associated PVS (cancer-PVS), which was first observed around cancer tissues, 31 was a new discovery in that the classic works of Kim [11][12][13][14][15] did not report it. Since then, many articles, including a review article, 32 have been published on cancer-PVS.…”

Section: Introduction Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

Soh

2015

Medical Acupuncture

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The primo vascular system (PVS) is an anatomical structure that is a network of ducts with fluid flowing in them, which are called primo vessels and correspond to acupuncture meridians, and primo nodes that correspond to acupoints. The PVS' main function is considered to be the maintenance of regenerative homeostasis in human and animal bodies. This system is distributed throughout the bodies of normal animals and develops around and in cancer tissues. This cancer-associated PVS may be a critical metastatic path besides the blood and the lymph vessels. The author of this article proposes a hypothesis on cancer treatment: Injecting anticancer drugs into acupoints according to the pharmacopuncture method can be effective as a result of the flow channels of the PVS. The author considers the acupoint Zusanli (ST 36) and the route of the primo vessels starting from it. This specific PVS route runs along the perineurium of the sciatic nerve, the pia mater, and the arachnoid mater of the spinal cord to the brain. Thus, by injecting a suitable anticancer drug into ST 36, one can deliver the drug into the brain to treat gliomas and other brain tumors. This new drug-delivery method is just one of the new clinical applications that are possible by combining acupuncture and using the PVS. Conclusions: Anticancer drugs for glioma can be injected into the primo node at the acupoint ST 36 to reach the cancer tissue through the PVS in the sciatic nerve, spine, and brain that can avoid the blood-brain barrier.

show abstract

Bonghan Ducts as Possible Pathways for Cancer Metastasis

Cited by 47 publications

References 16 publications

A primo vessel-like structure in a dog with inflammatory pseudotumor

A primo vessel-like structure in a dog with inflammatory pseudotumor

A Transformative Approach to Cancer Metastasis: Primo Vascular System as a Novel Microenvironment for Cancer Stem Cells

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About