Box–Behnken Design: Optimization of Proanthocyanidin-Loaded Transferosomes as an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Transferosomes are one of the vesicular carriers that have received extensive research and attention recently because of their capacity to get beyond the barriers posed by the stratum corneum to penetration. The intent of the current study is to optimize and evaluate proanthocyanidin (PAC) containing transferosomal transdermal gels. PAC-containing transferosomes were prepared using the film hydration method and then loaded into a 4% methylcellulose gel. A 23 Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the PAC-loaded transferosomal gel, where the effects of phospholipid 90 G (X1), Tween 80 (X2), and sonication time (X3) were evaluated. The formulation factors, such as the drug entrapment efficiency percentage (PEE) and in vitro drug release, were characterized. A PEE of 78.29 ± 1.43% and a drug release in vitro at 6 h of 24.2 ± 1.25% were obtained. The optimized transferosomal-loaded proanthocyanidin (OTP) formulation penetrated the porcine skin at an excellent rate (0.123 ± 0.0067 mg/cm2/h). Stability tests were conducted for OTP to predict the effects of various temperature conditions on the physical appearance, drug content, and PEE for periods of 15, 30, and 45 days. Finally, this transferosomal system for transdermal PAC delivery may be a suitable alternative to the conventional treatment for osteoarthritis.

Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Cell Cytotoxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles on MDA‐MB 231 Breast Cancer Cell Line

“…ZnO‐NPs were dispersed in a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution. The sample with a concentration of 0.01 % was transferred to a zeta dip cell for analysis [25] …”

“…The sample was laid out on a carbon‐coated grid to create a thin film and dried under the mercury lamp for 5 min. The SEM image of the ZnO‐NPs was recorded [25] …”

Screening and fermentation medium optimization of a strain favorable to Rice–fish Coculture

“…RSM is a combination of mathematical and statistical methods to seek the best conditions in a multifactor system, to model and analyze response problems influenced by multiple variables, to shorten the optimization time, and to improve the credibility of the application; the method has a low number of experiments, short cycle time, and high accuracy (Tamilarasan et al, 2022). For traditional mathematical and statistical methods, OFAT experiments can only consider the influence of a single factor and cannot determine whether there is an interaction between the factors.…”

Nanophytosomal Gel of Heydotis corymbosa (L.) Extract against Psoriasis: Characterisation, In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activity

“…Subsequentially, mixture was homogenised then transferred to a round bottom flask and placed on a rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborota 4000 Series, Heizbad, Germany) at 100 rpm under reduced pressure at 60 °C, where a dry thin coating formed on the inner flask wall. Film was hydrated further with phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 50 °C (5–10 °C above the amphiphiles phase transition temperature) [ 57 , 58 ]. After being kept at room temperature for 4 h, it was sonicated for specified time, as per design, to shatter the multilamellar phytosomes [ 30 ].…”

“…Samples were removed periodically and physical appearance, particle size, drug content, and % EE were analysed. [ 57 , 58 ].…”