“…Although most previous research focuses on explaining the reasons why co-creation activities bring positive outcomes to customers or/and companies, such as self-designed products better satisfy consumer needs, consumers have higher purchase intention for those self-designed products, and consumers are more willing to recommend the self-designed product ( Moreau and Herd, 2010 ; Moreau, 2011 ; He et al, 2016 ; Hsieh and Chang, 2016 ; Wiecek et al, 2019 ), little attention has focused on how to motivate customers to participate in the self-design process. A key concept for investigating this question is the concept of “self-congruence” ( Sirgy, 1982 ; Sirgy and Samli, 1985 ; Aaker, 1999 ), which fits the product’s personality or brand with the consumer’s self-value.…”