Breakdown of the Dipole Approximation in Strong-Field Ionization

Ludwig, André; Mäurer, J.; Mayer, Benedikt W.; Phillips, Christopher; Gallmann, L.; Keller, U.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.243001

Cited by 181 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…3 (b). The laser field is linearly polarized and the wavelength is 3400 nm, as used in the experiment [10]. Similar to Fig.…”

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confidence: 69%

“…3 (b) presents p z while Ref. [10] presented the peak offset of the photoelectron longitudinal momentum distribution. The calculated peak shift of the photoelectron longitudinal momentum distribution as a function of the laser intensity is shown in the supplemental file [27].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thanks to the detection technics with high resolutions developed recently, Smeenk et al [9] and Ludwig et al [10] reported that photoelectrons acquire the momentum shift along the direction of laser propagation (termed as longitudinal momentum shift in the rest of the letter) during tunneling ionization, and this photon momentum transfer is also reported in the time-dependent Dirac equation simulation [11], time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) simulations [12,13], classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculations [14]. Some characters of the longitudinal momentum shift [15][16][17][18][19][20] were explored by calculations of strong field approximation (SFA).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Strong Field Theories beyond Dipole Approximations in Nonrelativistic Regimes

Lao

2017

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…3 (b). The laser field is linearly polarized and the wavelength is 3400 nm, as used in the experiment [10]. Similar to Fig.…”

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confidence: 69%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Strong Field Theories beyond Dipole Approximations in Nonrelativistic Regimes

Lao

2017

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…Recently it has been suggested that nondipole effects may play a role in strong-field ionization [70]. While such effects have been studied recently [71,72] showing a small shift in the photoelectron momentum distributions in the propagation direction (less than 0.025 atomic units in momentum) for ionization of atoms by a 3.4-μm laser at intensity of about 10 14 W/cm 2 or lower, due to the presence of the Lorentz force when nondipole effects are included, such a small shift has no direct consequence on the total ionization probability, which is the concern of this article. The main challenge in strong-field experiments is the characterization of laser intensity and its distribution within the focused volume.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical model for calibrating laser intensity in strong-field-ionization experiments

Zhao

Jin

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. A

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The interaction of an intense laser pulse with atoms and molecules depends extremely nonlinearly on the laser intensity. Yet experimentally there still exists no simple reliable methods for determining the peak laser intensity within the focused volume. Here we present a simple method, based on an improved Perelomov-Popov-Terent'ev model, that would allow the calibration of laser intensities from the measured ionization signals of atoms or molecules. The model is first examined by comparing ionization probabilities (or signals) of atoms and several simple diatomic molecules with those from solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We then show the possibility of using this method to calibrate laser intensities for atoms, diatomic molecules as well as large polyatomic molecules, for laser intensities from the multiphoton ionization to tunneling ionization regimes.

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“…The envelope is g(t) = exp −4 ln(2)t 2 /τ 2 , with τ the FWHM, and the number of cycles N c defined by τ = 4π √ ln 2N c /ω. All pulses used satisfy the nonrelativistic criteria 2U p /c 2 1 [31,32] and the dipole condition U p /2ωc…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Molecular Breakup by Very Intense Femtosecond XUV Laser Pulses

Yue

Madsen

2015

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We study the breakup of H + 2 exposed to super-intense, femtosecond laser pulses with frequencies greater than that corresponding to the ionization potential. By solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in an extensive field parameter range, it is revealed that highly nonresonant dissociation channels can dominate over ionization. By considering field-dressed Born-Oppenheimer potential energy curves in the reference frame following a free electron in the field, we propose a simple physical model that characterizes this dissociation mechanism. The model is used to predict control of vibrational excitation, magnitude of the dissociation yields, and nuclear kinetic energy release spectra. Finally, the joint energy spectrum for the ionization process illustrates the energy sharing between the electron and the nuclei and the correlation between ionization and dissociation processes. [8,9], and rescattering induced dissociation [10]. All these processes were discovered in the low-frequency regime where absorption of several photons is needed to reach a breakup channel. Depending on the laser parameters, either dissociation or ionization dominates [11][12][13].With advancements in light-source technology, extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) laser pulses of femto-and subfemtosecond duration are now produced from highorder harmonic [14][15][16][17] or free-electron lasers [18,19]. New focusing techniques [20][21][22] led to XUV femtosecond (fs) pulses with peak intensities I ≥ 4 × 10 17 W/cm 2 [23]. Intense XUV pulses were, e.g., applied on rare gases to study sequential versus non-sequential multiple ionization [24,25], and creation of charge states up to 21 in Xe was observed [21]. For molecules, experiments on HeH + [26] and N 2 [27] provided benchmark data for theory. The high-frequency regime is defined in this work as the regime where one-photon ionization is allowed. Since the photon resonance is much closer to the threshold for ionization than for dissociation, ionization is at first glance expected to dominate.Here we characterize some hitherto unobserved molecular breakup phenomena in the regime of super-intense, high-frequency, fs pulses, supplementing the phenomena known from the low-frequency regime, and adding insight to the general field of strong laser-matter interaction. The characteristics we find include (a) even with full inclusion of nuclear dynamics, stabilization against ionization occurs, i.e., the ionization yield does not necessarily increase with intensity [28,29]; (b) a mechanism by which dissociation, in contrast to the expectation from energy considerations, completely dominates over ionization; (c) control over the vibrational distribution, dissociation yield, and nuclear kinetic energy release (NKER) spectra by the parameters of the laser pulse; (d) insight into the energy sharing between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, as displayed by the joint energy spectrum (JES).We consider H + 2 , a molecule that was used to discover many low-frequency processes that were later observed in m...

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Breakdown of the Dipole Approximation in Strong-Field Ionization

Cited by 181 publications

References 43 publications

Strong Field Theories beyond Dipole Approximations in Nonrelativistic Regimes

Strong Field Theories beyond Dipole Approximations in Nonrelativistic Regimes

Analytical model for calibrating laser intensity in strong-field-ionization experiments

Characterization of Molecular Breakup by Very Intense Femtosecond XUV Laser Pulses

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