Breast Cancer Incidence and Risk Reduction in the Hispanic Population

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer amongst women worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality overall. It is also the foremost reason for cancer-related mortality in Hispanic females in the United States (US). Although the current incidence of breast cancer is significantly lower in Hispanics compared to that of non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and Blacks, (91.9, 128.1, and 124.3 per 100,000, respectively, annually), this may increase if Hispanics develop similar lifestyle behaviors to other American women, in categories such as weight management, age at first birth, number of children, and breastfeeding habits. Stage-for-stage mortality for Hispanics is similar to NHWs, but the mortality rate is not declining as rapidly in this ethnic group. Hispanic women share many of the same risk factors for developing breast cancer as NHWs and Blacks. This suggests that many of the risk reduction strategies used in other racial populations may also benefit this group. Providing education about breast cancer and implementing risk reduction strategies in culturally-aware environments could help keep incidence low and reduce cancer-related mortality. Since Hispanics are the largest minority group in the US, this could have a significant impact on the incidence and mortality nationally.

Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERβ) May Act as Mediator in Apoptotic Induction of Grape Seed Extract (GSE)

“…One in eight women in the USA will be diagnosed with breast cancer over the period of her life. It allocates 23% of the cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths worldwide (Power et al, 2018). Researches have showed that among breast cancer survivors the women with healthy life style and a diet high in fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber and low saturated fat, the risk of recurrence reduced by 31% (Duncan, 2004).…”

Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13): A proposed Tumor Marker in Breast Carcinoma

“…Breast cancer is one of the most common and leading causes of cancer death among women worldwide (Power et al, 2018). Early diagnosis of breast cancer can provide patients a wider range of therapeutic options as well as a higher success rate of therapy that lowers mortality.…”

Effects of Various Anaesthetic Techniques on Haemodynamic Stability and Inflammatory Cytokine (IL-6) Level in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery

“…Breast cancer is the most common cancer and considered to be second leading cause of death in United States. [1][2][3][4] Cytokine IL-6 is a proproliferative, anti-apoptotic, pleiotropic biochemical marker which play an important role in the immune regulation, ontogenesis and inflammatory change caused by surgical trauma and stress. 5,6,7 Blockade or modulation of the IL-6 signal manifest clinically as diseases, including inflammation-associated malignancies is well on its way in clinical trials.…”

“…Type of anesthesia used during these surgeries may augment these responses. 2,3 General anesthesia (GA) is by far the most common utility used for breast surgeries. Regional anesthesia has the advantage of preventing noxious stimuli from reaching the central nervous system and therefore can attenuate the surgical stress response.…”

“…2,11 These inflammatory cytokine alter pain signal transmitted by cytokine induced release of neuroactive substances such as nitric oxide oxygen free radical and excitatory amino acid. 3,12 Multimodal anaesthesia is defined as achievement of good quality of pain relief which is attained by through the synergistic effects of multiple drugs which act on different sites of pain pathway with different mechanism of action which lead to good quality of analgesia, minimizing doses of analgesics, reduced side effects, early mobilization and recovery, while general anaesthesia lead Section: Anaesthesiology to tachycardia, hypertension, postoperative morbidity, poor pain control and other side effects due to use of excessive amount of opioids and inhalational agents. 13 In present study various drugs used are fentanyl, paracetamol, dexmedetomidine, paravertebral block (PVB) along with general anaesthesia for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.…”