Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea

Kim, Hyesook; Kang, Suk‐Ho; Jung, Byung-Moon; Yi, Hyunju; Jung, Jang Han; Chang, Namsoo

doi:10.1017/s0007114517000253

Cited by 96 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The MUFA in our study was comparable to Asian data (10,(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) but was much lower than Mediterranean studies (7,27) , mainly due to the lower level of OA (online Supplementary Table S1).…”

Section: Mufasupporting

confidence: 79%

“…SFA (37•18-41•63 %) dominated in fatty acid profile over the three lactation stages. The SFA content in mature stage was reported as slightly higher than other studies conducted in China (10,(21)(22)(23) and slightly lower than conducted in Japan (24) , South Korean (25) and some European countries (24) (online Supplementary Table S1). Dietary pattern was commonly considered the major contributor.…”

Section: Sfacontrasting

confidence: 58%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

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Section: Mufasupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Sfacontrasting

confidence: 58%

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Gao

Tian

et al. 2018

Br J Nutr

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“…It has been reported that fatty acid concentrations in human milk are reflective of maternal food intake. 11 The values we report are higher concentrations than those reported in the literature.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Case review: food pattern effects on milk lipid profiles

Dickton

Francis

2018

JNHFE

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It has been shown that maternal food intake determines the levels of unsaturated fatty acids that are present in human milk. This case study compares the human milk lipid profiles the first two weeks of lactation from women consuming three food patterns: vegan, standard American diet, and Asian. Participants were matched for demographics. The milk samples were analyzed using gas chromatography to determine the lipid profile for each participant. The lipid profiles differed by food pattern (p<0.007). Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid levels were highest for the vegan food pattern. The ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids were well above the suggested ratio considered to be optimal with the vegan pattern had the lowest omega-6 to omega-3 ratio and the highest level of docosahexaenoic acid, possibly indicating conversion of alpha-linoleic acid to docosahexaenoic acid. Further research is needed to determine the impact this may have on long-term infant health.

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“…Chinese human milk studies (5,28,29) including our present one all reported a typically higher percentage of PUFA (22•40-30•04 %) than those (17•25-21•50 %) in the developed Asian countries (30,31) and those (14•68-19•71 %) in the Western countries (32)(33)(34) , which was mainly due to the higher levels of human milk LA (18•90-25•10 %) in China (5,28,29) than in developed countries (11•48-16•59 %) (30)(31)(32)(33)(34) . Consequently, a fairly high ratio of LA: ALA (16:1) was observed in the mature milk of our study, which was on the top of the range of (9•26-16•50):1 in the latest reports from China (5,28,29) .…”

Section: Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Lactational changes of fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers

Zhu

Zhou

et al. 2020

Br J Nutr

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Human milk fat is specially tailored to supply the developing infant with adequate and balanced nutrients. The present study aimed to quantify the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids in human milk, with special emphasis on the lactational changes. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected longitudinally from the same forty-two healthy, well-nourished Chinese mothers. Fatty acids were quantified by GC with carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and tocopherols (α-, γ-tocopherol) determined by HPLC. Total fatty acid (TFA) content increased from 15·09 g/l in colostrum to 32·57 g/l in mature milk with the percentages of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) decreased. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and ARA:DHA remained constant during lactation at about 11:1 and 1·3:1, respectively. Both α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased over lactation with the ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol declined significantly from 7·21:1 to 4·21:1 (P < 0·001). Carotenoids all dropped from colostrum to mature milk as the less polar carotenes dropped by 88·67 %, while xanthophylls only dropped by 35·92 %. Lutein was predominated in both transitional and mature milk carotenoids (51·64–52·49 %), while colostrum carotenoids were mainly composed of lycopene (32·83 %) and β-carotene (30·78 %). The concentrations of tocopherols and xanthophylls but not carotenes were positively associated with TFA content in milk. These results suggested that colostrum and mature milk contained divergent lipid profiles and selective transfer mechanisms related to polarity might be involved. The present outcomes provide new insights for future breast-feeding studies, which also add in scientific evidences for the design of both initial and follow-on infant formulas.

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Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea

Cited by 96 publications

References 42 publications

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

Case review: food pattern effects on milk lipid profiles

Lactational changes of fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers

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