Breastfeeding history, pregnancy experience and risk of breast cancer

Enger, Shelley M.; Ross, Ronald K.; Henderson, Brian E.; Bernstein, Leslie

doi:10.1038/bjc.1997.346

Cited by 97 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Enger et al 21 found that lactation had a stronger protective effect in the first 5 years after a pregnancy. Our findings confirm this observation, although we also observed a protective effect associated with lactation in younger women who had given birth Ͼ 5 years ago.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive factors and risk of breast carcinoma in a study of white and African‐American women

Ursin

Bernstein

Wang

et al. 2004

Cancer

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BACKGROUNDFew studies have investigated the association between reproductive factors and the risk of breast carcinoma among African‐American women. The authors assessed whether the number of full‐term pregnancies, age at first full‐term pregnancy, and total duration of breastfeeding were associated with similar relative risk estimates in white and African‐American women in a large multicenter, population‐based case–control study of breast carcinoma.METHODSCase patients were 4567 women (2950 white women and 1617 African‐American women) ages 35–64 years with newly diagnosed invasive breast carcinoma between 1994 and 1998. Control patients were 4668 women (3012 white women and 1656 African‐American women) who were identified by random‐digit dialing and were frequency matched to case patients according to study center, race, and age. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression.RESULTSFor white women, the reduction in risk of breast carcinoma per full‐term pregnancy was 13% among younger women (ages 35–49 years) and 10% among older women (ages 50–64 years). The corresponding risk reductions for African‐American women were 10% and 6%, respectively. Risk decreased significantly with increasing number of full‐term pregnancies for both races and both age categories. Duration of lactation was inversely associated with breast carcinoma risk among younger parous white (trend P = 0.0001) and African‐American (trend P = 0.01) women. African‐American women tended to have more children compared with white women, but parity rates were lower in younger women than in older women in both racial groups. However, breastfeeding was substantially more common in young white women than in young African‐American women.CONCLUSIONSOverall, parity and lactation had similar effects on breast carcinoma risk in white and African‐American women. If younger African‐American women now are giving birth to fewer children than in the past, without a substantial increase in breastfeeding, breast carcinoma rates may continue to increase at a more rapid rate among these women compared with white women. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive factors and risk of breast carcinoma in a study of white and African‐American women

Ursin

Bernstein

Wang

et al. 2004

Cancer

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“…At least two previous studies have examined possible associations between nausea during pregnancy and subsequent risk of developing breast cancer. One (Troisi et al, 1998) found a decreased risk following one or more pregnancies with selfreported nausea, whereas the other (Enger et al, 1997) instead observed a slight risk increase after hospital care for hyperemesis. The reasons for the conflicting results are unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperemesis gravidarum and subsequent breast cancer risk

et al. 2002

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Both parity and a young age at first pregnancy are associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk. The hormones involved in this process are not fully investigated. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a placental hormone, which in rats and in human breast cells in vitro has been shown to prevent against breast cancer. Hyperemesis, a severe nausea combined with vomiting during pregnancy, is associated with increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin. We investigated the possible relationship between hyperemesis and subsequent breast cancer risk in a case -control study based on registry data. Among 13 079 breast cancer cases and 34 348 individually matched controls we found 148 cases and 405 controls who had been hospitalised for hyperemesis. Hyperemesis was not associated with breast cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.86 -1.27), and similar risks were observed regardless of age at diagnosis, number of hospitalisations for hyperemesis or time of follow-up. Our results do not support the hypothesis that human chorionic gonadotropin is responsible for the protective effect of pregnancies upon breast cancer risk.

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“…Despite being the second most common cause of mortality in women following the lung cancer, the breast cancer could have a good prognosis by correct management of the disease (McCullough et al, 2014). Several factors are involved in the development of breast cancer including advanced age, family history, radiation therapy in young age, history of pregnancy and breast-feeding and hormone therapy (Enger et al, 1997). Less than 1% of breast cancer cases arise before 25 years of age but after 30, the incidence increases significantly and also increases with advancing the age (Jemal et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CYP17, CYP19 and CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Women with Breast Cancer

Farzaneh¹,

Noghabaei²,

Barouti³

et al. 2016

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the second cause of mortality in women all around the world. It is caused by several factors including genetic determinants, so that both genetic susceptibility factors and environmental factors are involved in the etiology. Significance of genes functioning in steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism are well established in breast cancer susceptibility. In this study, 134 women with BC and 135 normal controls were analyzed for their genotypes for the polymorphisms, rs743572, rs10046 and rs4646903, resided in CYP17, CYP19 and CYP1A1 genes, respectively. Significant differences in distributions of allele and genotype frequencies were found for the rs10046 polymorphism in CYP19 (p-value=0.01, OR (CI 95%) =1.59 (1.1-2.3), p-value=0.04, OR (CI 95%) =1.7 (1.1-2.5) respectively). For rs743,572 and rs 4646903 polymorphisms, no significant associations were observed. A significant association was observed between the rs10046 polymorphism of the CYP19gene and breast cancer in Iranian patients. Due to inconsistent previous results, more studies in different populations with larger sample sizes are indicated.

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Breastfeeding history, pregnancy experience and risk of breast cancer

Cited by 97 publications

References 34 publications

Reproductive factors and risk of breast carcinoma in a study of white and African‐American women

Reproductive factors and risk of breast carcinoma in a study of white and African‐American women

Hyperemesis gravidarum and subsequent breast cancer risk

Analysis of CYP17, CYP19 and CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Women with Breast Cancer

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