“…To satisfy the cartographic constraints of building displacement, various algorithms have been proposed over the years. Those algorithms can be divided into two categories: sequential algorithms (Ai et al, 2015; Basaraner, 2011; Fei, 2004; Lichtner, 1979; Mackaness, 1994; Peng et al, 1995; Pilehforooshha et al, 2021; Ruas, 1998; Wei, Guo, et al, 2018) and optimization algorithms (Bader, 2001; Bader et al, 2005; Bobrich, 2001; Burghardt & Meier, 1997; Harrie, 1999, 2001, 2003; Højholt, 2000; Huang et al, 2017; Li et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2014; Lonergan & Jones, 2001; Mackaness & Purves, 2001; Pilehforooshha et al, 2021; Sahbaz & Basaraner, 2021; Sester, 2005; Sun, Guo, Liu, Lv, et al, 2016; Sun, Guo, Liu, Ma, et al, 2016; Wang, Guo, Wei, et al, 2017; Ware et al, 2002, 2003; Ware & Jones, 1998; Wilson et al, 2003) (see details in Sections 2.1 and 2.2). In sequential algorithms, buildings are handled based on a trial and error strategy.…”