By-products from the vegetable oil industry as a feasible source for biofuels production and pollution reduction

Abstract

Biodiesel produced from by-products and waste materials can be an economical way for reducing the traditional oil consumption and environmental problems. The by-products from the refining vegetable oil industry such as soapstock, acid oil and fatty acid distillates are suitable for producing biodiesel. The present work is an approach to the use of these by-products to obtain biodiesel covering the traditional and most widely used acid/base catalysis. The advantages and drawbacks of the different methods are mentioned and analysed. The synthesis and use of by-products from the vegetable oil refining industry are covered in this work.

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

“…Studies 20‐23 reveal that enzyme‐based catalysts have several advantages over other catalysts, they achieve adequate yields, the biodiesel obtained is of higher quality, and it is an environmentally friendly process. Nevertheless, the use of enzyme catalysts has significant disadvantages such as denaturation of the enzyme, high sensitivity to alcohol, longer reaction time required, and higher costs 9,24‐29 …”

“…Nevertheless, the use of enzyme catalysts has significant disadvantages such as denaturation of the enzyme, high sensitivity to alcohol, longer reaction time required, and higher costs. 9,[24][25][26][27][28][29] The use of biomass residues to produce heterogeneous catalysts not only reduces the cost of the catalyst feedstock but also is an alternative to eliminate biomass residues generated by different human and agricultural activities. 30 Biomass catalysts are biodegradable, have lower toxicity, several mineral components, and adjustable pore size and structure.…”