C-FOG: Life of Coastal Fog

Fernando, Harindra J. S.; Gültepe, Ismail; Dorman, Clive E.; Pardyjak, Eric R.; Wang, Q.; Hoch, Sebastian W.; Richter, David H.; Creegan, E.; Gaberšek, S.; Bullock, Terry; Hocut, C. M.; Chang, Rachel Y.-­W.; Alappattu, Denny P.; Dimitrova, Reneta; Flagg, D. D.; Grachev, A. A.; Krishnamurthy, Rashmi; Singh, Dhiraj Kumar; Lozovatsky, Iossif; Nagare, Baban; Sharma, Ashish; Wagh, Sandeep; Wainwright, Charlotte E.; Wróblewski, M.; Yamaguchi, Ryan; Bardoel, Stef L.; Coppersmith, R. S.; Chisholm, Nicole; Gonzalez, Elaine; Gunawardena, N.; Hyde, O.; Morrison, T.; Olson, A.; Perelet, A. O.; Perrie, William; Wang, S.; Wauer, Benjamin J.

doi:10.1175/bams-d-19-0070.1

Cited by 49 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Recent fog field programs, including LANFEX in the UK, SoFog 3-D (https://www.umr-cnrm.fr/ spip.php?article1086&lang=fr{#}outil_sommaire_0, last access: 2 October 2021) in France and studies in India and China, have focused on fog over land but are providing valuable field data for model comparisons. The C-Fog campaign (Fernando et al, 2021) is providing valuable data on coastal fog, and the 2021-2026 Fatima (Fog and Turbulence Interactions in the Marine Atmosphere; https://efmlab.nd.edu/ research/Fatima/, last access: 2 October 2021) project will be a major contribution to the understanding of marine fog.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been many field measurements in marine fog, including, notably, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor's (1917) work over the Grand Banks and, more recently, the C-Fog study reported by Fernando et al (2021). As far as we are aware, none have provided the Q c (z) profile data from which we could make z 0c determinations.…”

Section: Past Field and Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water droplet number concentrations in each size bin are also subject to diffusion with the same diffusivity as heat. The diffusivities are given by Forkel et al (1987). It appears that a common roughness length, z 0 = 0.05 m, is used for momentum, heat and water droplets.…”

Section: Model Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model

Taylor

Chen

et al. 2021

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. There have been many studies of marine fog, some using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and other models. Several model studies report overpredictions of near-surface liquid water content (Qc), leading to visibility estimates that are too low. This study has found the same. One possible cause of this overestimation could be the treatment of a surface deposition rate of fog droplets at the underlying water surface. Most models, including the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model, available from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), take account of gravitational settling of cloud droplets throughout the domain and at the surface. However, there should be an additional deposition as turbulence causes fog droplets to collide and coalesce with the water surface. A water surface, or any wet surface, can then be an effective sink for fog water droplets. This process can be parameterized as an additional deposition velocity with a model that could be based on a roughness length for water droplets, z0c, that may be significantly larger than the roughness length for water vapour, z0q. This can be implemented in WRF either as a variant of the Katata scheme for deposition to vegetation or via direct modifications in boundary-layer modules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Past Field and Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model

Taylor

Chen

et al. 2021

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…The C-FOG field project lasted from 25 August to 8 October 2018. A full overview of C-FOG, including the observation sites and instrumentation, is given in Fernando et al (2021). Ferryland contained three sites with visibility measurements using Vaisala PWD22 or PWD52 present weather detectors (Gultepe et al 2021).…”

Section: Measurements Field Project and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Synoptic Systems and Fog During the C-FOG Field Experiment

Dorman

Hoch

Gültepe

et al. 2021

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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The goal of this work is to summarize synoptic meteorological conditions during the Coastal Fog (C-FOG) field project that took place onshore and offshore of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, from 25 August until 8 October 2018. Visibility was measured at three locations at the Ferryland supersite that are about 1 km from each other, and at two additional sites 66 and 76 km to the north. Supporting meteorological measurements included surface winds, air temperature, humidity, pressure, radiation, cloud-base height, and atmospheric thermodynamic profiles from radiosonde soundings. Statistics are presented for surface measurements during fog events including turbulence kinetic energy, net longwave radiation, visibility, and precipitation. Eleven fog events are observed at Ferryland. Each significant fog event is related to a large-scale cyclonic system. The longest fog event is due to interaction of a northern deep low and a tropical cyclone. Fog occurrence is also examined across Atlantic Canada by including Sable Island, Yarmouth, Halifax, and Sydney. It is concluded that at Ferryland, all significant fog events occur under a cyclonic system while at Sable Island all significant fog events occur under both cyclonic and anticyclonic systems. The fog-formation mechanism involves cloud lowering and stratus broadening or only stratus broadening for the cyclonic systems while for the anticyclonic systems it is stratus broadening or radiation. Although widely cited as the main cause of fog in Atlantic Canada, advection fog is not found to be the primary or sole fog type in the events examined.

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“…There have been many field measurements in marine fog, including, notably, G.I. Taylor's (1917) work over the Grand Banks, and more recently the C-Fog study reported by Fernando et al (2021). As far as we are aware none have provided the Qc(z) profile data from which we could make z0c determinations.…”

Section: Past Field and Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the WRF model

Taylor

Chen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. There have been many studies of marine fog, some using WRF and other models. Several model studies report over-predictions of near surface liquid water content (Qc) leading to visibility estimates that are too low. This study has found the same. One possible cause of this overestimation could be the treatment of a surface deposition rate of fog droplets at the underlying water surface. Most models, including the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model, available from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), take account of gravitational settling of cloud droplets throughout the domain and at the surface. However, there should be an additional deposition as turbulence causes fog droplets to collide and coalesce with the water surface. A water surface, or any wet surface, can then be an effective sink for fog water droplets. This process can be parameterized as an additional deposition velocity with a model that could be based on a roughness length for water droplets, z0c, that may be significantly larger than the roughness length for water vapour, z0q. This can be implemented in WRF either as a variant of the Katata scheme for deposition to vegetation, or via direct modifications in boundary-layer modules.

show abstract

C-FOG: Life of Coastal Fog

Abstract: Capsule: A comprehensive multidisciplinary research program on coastal fog provides unique insights on its lifecycle and predictability barriers.

Cited by 49 publications

References 70 publications

Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model

Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model

Large-Scale Synoptic Systems and Fog During the C-FOG Field Experiment

Surface deposition of marine fog and its treatment in the WRF model

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