Calcium channel antagonists suppress cross-tolerance to the anxiogenic effects of d-amphetamine and nicotine in the mouse elevated plus maze test

Neuropharmacological evaluation of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)(3-methoxyquinoxalin-2-yl) methanone (6g) on lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety models in mice

“…The EPM test was first evaluated for rats and later adapted for mice [15]. In brief, the apparatus consisted of a wooden maze with two enclosed arms (30 cm × 5 cm × 15 cm) and two open arms (30 cm × 5 cm × 0.25 cm) that extended from a central platform (5 cm × 5 cm) to form a plus sign.…”

Type 4 phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor, rolipram rescues behavioral deficits in olfactory bulbectomy models of depression: Involvement of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cAMP signaling aspects and antioxidant defense system

“…The behavioral parameters recorded during a 5 min test period were; percentage open arm entries and percentage time spent in open arm (Klodzinska et al, 2004). Entry into an arm was considered valid only when all four paws of the rat were inside that arm (Biala and Kruk, 2008). After each test, the apparatus was sprayed with dilute alcohol and wiped thoroughly to eliminate the residual odor.…”

Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Alcohol and Drug Addiction: Focus on GABA, Ion Channels and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

“…LCCBs had no general anticonvulsant action against bicuculline-or pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures (Watson and Little, 2002), suggesting a more specific impact on drug-related physical signs rather than a more general effect on seizures and convulsions. In addition, LCCBs reduce the development of tolerance to nicotine (Biala and Budzynska 2008), ethanol (Wu et al, 1987;Pucilowski et al, 1989), and morphine (Biala and Weglinska, 2006;Contreras et al, 1988; but see Khalilzadeh et al, 2008), as well as the development of drug-related anxiety (Biala and Kruk, 2008), suggesting that LCCBs not only can reduce withdrawal acutely, but also can decrease the tolerance and dependence, which contribute to withdrawal. Thus, LCCBs might alleviate negative somatic signs during early withdrawal and help promote abstinence.…”