Calculating the redshifts of distant galaxies from first principles by the new tired light theory (NTL)

Ashmore, Lyndon

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1251/1/012007

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The farther away the source, the greater the lag time between the arrival of the various frequencies. Dispersion Measure (DM) is a measure of this lag time and from the DM the mean 'free' electron number density,݊ , can be found (݊ ≈ 0.5 ݉ ିଷ ) [44] and compares favourably with the 0.4999݉ ିଷ from our cosmological objects in the NED-D compilation. The farther away the FRB, the greater the number of free electrons the photons interact with, the greater the delay in the arrival of these photons and the greater the DM.…”

Section: The Intergalactic Medium (Igm) 81 Dispersion Measurementioning

confidence: 55%

Data from 14,577 cosmological objects and 14 FRBs confirm the predictions of new tired light (NTL) and lead to a new model of the IGM

Ashmore¹

2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Predictions by New Tired Light were tested using 14,577 objects from the NED-D compilation of redshift-independent distances. These objects give an electron number density of ne = 0.499 m −3 compared to the predicted one of ne = 0.5 m −3. In NTL the Hubble constant is given by H = 2nehre /me and, using this value for ne gives 62.5 km/s per Mpc which is very close to the accepted values. NTL predicts a linear relationship between distance and ln (1 + z) with gradient (mec/2ne hre = 1.46×1026 m). Plotting all the 14,577 points gives a straight line with gradient 1.40×1026 m – just 4% off the predicted value. Using distances from the compilation the redshift is calculated by NTL and a graph of predicted versus observed redshift is drawn. This has a gradient of 0.9756 close to the value ‘1.0’ expected in a 1:1 relationship between prediction and expected. Both graphs are linear up to redshifts of ‘9’ with no hint of relativistic effects. In NTL, there is a delay between an electron in the IGM absorbing and re-emitting a photon whereby the electron recoils (leading to the redshift). Data from FRB 121102 gives the time lag between two frequencies arriving and using the extra number of photon-electron interactions made by the longer wavelength the time delay is found. This tells us the length of the delay at each interaction as ≈ 10−10 s. Using NTL and DM the redshift of the host galaxy was calculated and found to be z = 0.143 compared to the measured value of z = 0.19 – the difference lying well within the uncertainty in DMIn NTL, DM and redshift are produced by the electrons in the IGM and so there is a direct relation between them. DMIGM = (mec/2hre ){ln(1 + z)} or DMIGM = 2470{ln(1 +z){. Plotting data from 14 localised FRBs on a graph of DM versus {ln(1 + z)} does give a straight-line graph but a selection of eight from the fourteen are colinear with a gradient of 1244 ± 147 pc cm −3 much closer t that predicted. Several hosts are said to be tentative and so we will continue to plot this graph as more and more FRBs are located. Often tired light models are discounted on the basis of an old model of the IGM as having a neutral plasma at high temperature and/or they are using Compton scatter. In NTL, recoil takes place along the line of sight so there is no blurring. Several mainstream papers show that every dust particle in the IGM is positively charged with an excess of protons due to photoionisation. This means an equal number of electrons have been released into the intervening space. On this basis the IGM is a ‘dirty plasma’ with the protons trapped on dust particles and a sea of electrons in-between. When a group of electrons come together in this way, they will arrange themselves onto a BCC lattice (Wigner-Seitz crystal). Calculations show that if we use dust density restricted by considerations of an expanding Universe there is not enough to give the ne = 0.5 m −3 found by observation but would need a dust density of ρIGM ≈ 3×10−25 kgm −3. A previous paper looked at the photoionisation of Hydrogen clouds surrounding a galaxy with the protons staying behind and forming dark matter whilst the electrons went off into the IGM to form on their crystal lattice held by mutual repulsion. The mass of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way galaxy is known and so, if this is all protons, we can find the number of protons there. An equal number of electrons will have been released into the IGM and dividing this by the average volume occupied by a galaxy gives us the ne = 1 m −3 and agrees with observation.

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Section: The Intergalactic Medium (Igm) 81 Dispersion Measurementioning

confidence: 55%

Data from 14,577 cosmological objects and 14 FRBs confirm the predictions of new tired light (NTL) and lead to a new model of the IGM

Ashmore¹

2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…It is really important to document in a clear and concise manner the main mechanism based on known physics driving the redshift in the Cosmos in an alternative to a purely mathematical expanding space. The first conceptual ideas regarding photons of light losing energy traveling throughout space has been expressed first by some important papers (Zwicky, 1929;Nernst, 1938) and reconsidered by other prominent scientists (Pecker and Vigier, 1987;Arp, 1990) until recent successful and rigorous developments (Ashmore, 2019;Ashmore, 2022). Due to the photoelectric effect, stars literally split neutral hydrogen atoms, separating electrons by protons in the galaxies.…”

Section: Transit Redshift In the Igm And Hubble Tension Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmological redshift and Hubble tension explained by means of the FLRWT time-metric framework and transit physics in the IGM

Trinchera

2023

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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In response to all current cosmological controversies, this paper provides a reliable explanation of the Hubble tension and of the apparent acceleration of space expansion detected by SN Ia. In the first place, it calculates the redshift from Einstein field equations (EFE) assuming a Friedman–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker–Trinchera (FLRWT) metric framework due to the deformation of the spacetime fabric, causing a redshift due to a time dilation. In the second place, this study computes the dominant cosmological redshift contribution given by the transit redshift due to multiple interactions between photons and electrons in the intergalactic medium and not sustained in Einstein field equations. It is fully consistent with Wigner’s solid-state physics and Ashmore’s physics which predict the crystallization of free electrons at very low temperatures and the interaction with photons of light without scattering and blurring effects. The outcome of this inquiry fully matches the observational data given by the redshift-independent extragalactic distances (NED-D) and by the Chandra/XMM-Newton database of quasars for a specific density of matter in the Universe.

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“…A photon of light loses energy by escaping the gravitational field of the Sun, therefore, its wavelength becomes longer (redshift), whereas it gains energy by approaching the gravitational field of the Earth, the reason why its wavelength becomes shorter (blueshift). We express, accordingly, the gravitational redshift for the Earth by the following expression , 2 1 1 0…”

Section: Total Redshift Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The theory is a development of the physics and mathematics of the New Tired Light (NTL) of the physicist L.E. Ashmore [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] who proved F. Zwicky's predictions [6] on the extragalactic redshift theorized a century ago. The study of the Pioneer-6 space probe, its orbit, and its signal, meets the physics of the English physicist adapting his mathematics to the specific problem concerning the redshift of a radio photon inside a stellar atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redshift Anomaly of the 2292 MHz Radio Signal Emitted by the Pioneer-6 Space Probe as Multiple Interactions with Photo-Ionized Electrons in the Solar Corona

Trinchera¹

2021

JHEPGC

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This paper calculates the redshift of the 2292 MHz radio photon emitted by the Pioneer-6 space probe. The signal crossed the solar corona on the days close to the solar occultation between November and December 1968, the only ones for which scientific data are available, until it reached a terrestrial radio receiver. The specific study is based on a calculated orbital model of the Earth and Pioneer-6 system made on a scale of 1:100,000 by a CAD, on the New Tired Light theory adapted to the geometric and physical configuration of the topic and on a computational method. Removing the Doppler shift contributions of proper and rotational motions, due to the set-up of the receiver, and excluding the recombination factor of neutral hydrogen, which is irrelevant for distances within 1 AU, the calculation of the redshift can be traced back to the interactions between the radio signal and the electrons of the solar corona alone. The latter are contained in a Stroemgren sphere and photo-ionized by solar radiation in the UV and X-ray range. Furthermore, in order to have an interactional redshift contribution, the electrons have to satisfy the Wigner-Crystal Precondition for which their unitary potential energy is greater than their kinetic energy. Otherwise, a Thomson scattering process takes place in which the energy of the radio photon remains unchanged. The comparison between the gravitational redshift together with the interactional redshift detected from this study methodology and the total redshift obtained from other scientific studies shows a similarity between the curves, including the observational data, both in terms of values, trend of the graphs and single punctual variations.

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Calculating the redshifts of distant galaxies from first principles by the new tired light theory (NTL)

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Data from 14,577 cosmological objects and 14 FRBs confirm the predictions of new tired light (NTL) and lead to a new model of the IGM

Data from 14,577 cosmological objects and 14 FRBs confirm the predictions of new tired light (NTL) and lead to a new model of the IGM

Cosmological redshift and Hubble tension explained by means of the FLRWT time-metric framework and transit physics in the IGM

Redshift Anomaly of the 2292 MHz Radio Signal Emitted by the Pioneer-6 Space Probe as Multiple Interactions with Photo-Ionized Electrons in the Solar Corona

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