New data from FRB's have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their redshift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m −3. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m −3. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM's and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = m e c/2hr e (3.086 × 10 22 ) where m e , r e are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm it is emitted as a secondary photon that photon will have a wavelength of 2.2 mmthe wavelength at which the CMB curve peaks.

The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) is commonly thought to be occupied by approximately one atom of Hydrogen per cubic metre of space either as neutral Hydrogen or partially/fully ionised. This cannot be true as galaxies will "boil off" electrons from their outer surfaces by the photo-electric effect and so the IGM must be filled with electrons. UV and X-ray photons, as they leave the galaxy, can remove an electron from a Hydrogen atom at the surface of the galaxy, give it sufficient energy to escape the gravitational pull of the galaxy and go on to fill the IGM. A typical galaxy emits approximately 47 How to cite this paper: Ashmore, L.

Contrary to popular belief it now appears that the intergalactic medium is filled electrons oscillating about fixed positions in a BCC Wigner crystal lattice. In NTL the photons of light are absorbed and re-emitted by these electrons which recoil leading to a photon energy loss and an increase in wavelength ie redshift. Since the electrons are spatially coherent, the photons will continue in a straight line and images will not ‘blur.’ FRB 121102 is a repeating FRB of known DM along with the distance and redshift of the host galaxy and enables us to test the NTL theory. The DM and distance give a mean electron number density of the IGM as n ≈ 0.498 m –3 and we use this along with the distance to predict a value for the redshift of the host galaxy from first principles of z = 0.143 and a Hubble constant of H 0 = 64 km/s per Mpc This compares well with the measured value of 0.19273 and the optically measured H 0 = 72 ± 8 km/s per Mpc In NTL, the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is re-emitted as a secondary photons which form the CMBR and it is shown that a UV photon of wavelength λ = 5×10−8 m gives out a secondary photon of wavelength 2.06×10–3 m which is not only in the microwave region but is the wavelength at which the CMBR peaks. A review of the evidence once said to support expansion is carried out and it is seen that this evidence now either supports a static universe or is not as robust as once thought. Indeed, many of the SNe Ia’s used to show ‘time dilation’ have since failed ‘usability’ test and are no longer listed in the SNe Ia catalogue.

Predictions by New Tired Light were tested using 14,577 objects from the NED-D compilation of redshift-independent distances. These objects give an electron number density of ne = 0.499 m −3 compared to the predicted one of ne = 0.5 m −3. In NTL the Hubble constant is given by H = 2nehre /me and, using this value for ne gives 62.5 km/s per Mpc which is very close to the accepted values. NTL predicts a linear relationship between distance and ln (1 + z) with gradient (mec/2ne hre = 1.46×1026 m). Plotting all the 14,577 points gives a straight line with gradient 1.40×1026 m – just 4% off the predicted value. Using distances from the compilation the redshift is calculated by NTL and a graph of predicted versus observed redshift is drawn. This has a gradient of 0.9756 close to the value ‘1.0’ expected in a 1:1 relationship between prediction and expected. Both graphs are linear up to redshifts of ‘9’ with no hint of relativistic effects. In NTL, there is a delay between an electron in the IGM absorbing and re-emitting a photon whereby the electron recoils (leading to the redshift). Data from FRB 121102 gives the time lag between two frequencies arriving and using the extra number of photon-electron interactions made by the longer wavelength the time delay is found. This tells us the length of the delay at each interaction as ≈ 10−10 s. Using NTL and DM the redshift of the host galaxy was calculated and found to be z = 0.143 compared to the measured value of z = 0.19 – the difference lying well within the uncertainty in DMIn NTL, DM and redshift are produced by the electrons in the IGM and so there is a direct relation between them. DMIGM = (mec/2hre ){ln(1 + z)} or DMIGM = 2470{ln(1 +z){. Plotting data from 14 localised FRBs on a graph of DM versus {ln(1 + z)} does give a straight-line graph but a selection of eight from the fourteen are colinear with a gradient of 1244 ± 147 pc cm −3 much closer t that predicted. Several hosts are said to be tentative and so we will continue to plot this graph as more and more FRBs are located. Often tired light models are discounted on the basis of an old model of the IGM as having a neutral plasma at high temperature and/or they are using Compton scatter. In NTL, recoil takes place along the line of sight so there is no blurring. Several mainstream papers show that every dust particle in the IGM is positively charged with an excess of protons due to photoionisation. This means an equal number of electrons have been released into the intervening space. On this basis the IGM is a ‘dirty plasma’ with the protons trapped on dust particles and a sea of electrons in-between. When a group of electrons come together in this way, they will arrange themselves onto a BCC lattice (Wigner-Seitz crystal). Calculations show that if we use dust density restricted by considerations of an expanding Universe there is not enough to give the ne = 0.5 m −3 found by observation but would need a dust density of ρIGM ≈ 3×10−25 kgm −3. A previous paper looked at the photoionisation of Hydrogen clouds surrounding a galaxy with the protons staying behind and forming dark matter whilst the electrons went off into the IGM to form on their crystal lattice held by mutual repulsion. The mass of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way galaxy is known and so, if this is all protons, we can find the number of protons there. An equal number of electrons will have been released into the IGM and dividing this by the average volume occupied by a galaxy gives us the ne = 1 m −3 and agrees with observation.

A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expandsbut a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Additionally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one-if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship becomes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.