An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe

Abstract

A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expandsbut a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Additionally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one-if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship becomes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.

Redshift Anomaly on the Solar Disk as Multiple Interactions between Photons and Electrons

“…This allows us to avoid equations with big orders which might complicate the calculations and its computing time. The generic formula for the electron distribution in the solar corona expressed in el/m 3 is a numerical coefficient, p is a dimensionless numerical parameter of the solar corona, 10 12 is the conversion factor to express the electron density in el/m 3 , r is the solar radius expressed in solar radii, ε is the numerical dimensionless fall-off parameter of the curve as result of the same experimental observations. The curves considered for this paper are summarized in Figure 3.…”

Reviewing Redshifts and the Zero Point Energy

“…It is important to note that the expected broadening or smearing out of spectral lines does not usually occur. For example, see reference [1]. Rather, distant galaxies have spectral lines which are just as clear and sharp as nearby objects, despite a redshift in their wavelengths, as in Figure 2.…”

Cosmological Model Tests with JWST

“…However, in principle, it is possible to explain the photon-electron interaction with the corresponding photon-energy loss without any scattering angle. For example, in Ashmore's theory [65], photons are absorbed and re-emitted by electrons in the intergalactic medium. The electron recoils and the photon loses energy.…”

“…There is no angular spread in this mechanism, as it is equivalent to photon transmission in a transparent medium. According to [65], an electron density ρ 0 = 0.8h 100 [m −3 ] produces the required cosmological redshift magnitude. Therefore, we assume here that the TL-model cannot be completely disregarded on the basis that it disagrees with observations.…”