Can Biological Control Overcome the Threat From Newly Invasive Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)? A Review

Paudel, Sulav; Mansfield, Sarah; Villamizar, Laura; Jackson, Trevor A.; Marshall, Sean D. G.

doi:10.1093/aesa/saaa057

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In 2015, a highly damaging population of CRB (CRB-G haplotype) was reported from Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands, located on the island of Guadalcanal. This haplotype is tolerant to biological control by commonly used strains of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) that had kept earlier waves of CRB into the Pacific under control for more than 30 years (Marshall et al 2017;Paudel et al 2021). Presence of CRB-G was first confirmed from the specimens (adult beetles and larvae) collected from Panatina, a suburb of Honiara, west of the city centre in January 2015 (Vaqalo et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring an invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle population using pheromone traps in Honiara, Solomon Islands

Paudel

Marshall

Tsatsia³

et al. 2021

NZPP

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An invasive population of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros; CRB) was discovered in Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands in 2015. The beetle has caused severe damage to coconut palms in the outbreak area and its continued spread threatens the food security and livelihood of thousands of smallholder farmers in the region. Spread and abundance of the beetle were monitored using bucket traps baited with the aggregation pheromone, ethyl-4 methyloctanoate. Beetles were collected from traps approximately bi-weekly for two periods; one during 2017–18 and the other during 2019–2020. Trap catches showed that CRB was present throughout the whole survey region with significantly higher numbers of female CRB trapped than males. Results indicate a significant 1.5-fold increase in CRB trap catch numbers from 2017–2018 to 2019–2020 despite control efforts. The number of CRB adults trapped also varied between sites and months during both time periods but with no clear patterns. Removal of breeding sites along with strong local quarantine should remain the top priority of the local government to contain CRB expansion within Solomon Islands and beyond.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring an invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle population using pheromone traps in Honiara, Solomon Islands

Paudel

Marshall

Tsatsia³

et al. 2021

NZPP

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“…Heavy damage, low biodiversity, and a lack of natural enemies led to the call for introduced BCAs. Despite the introduction of a high number of invertebrate BCAs to Samoa from other parts of the tropical world, few seem to have survived, and only the hymenopteran S. ruficornis are reported to have established themselves in any significant numbers [ 13 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussion and Future Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biological control, using natural enemies of the pest, was the favoured option to control the spreading pest. Several biological control agents (BCAs), including bacteria, predators, and parasitoids, were introduced into the infested PICTs during the 1950s and 1960s, but the anticipated success was never achieved [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In 1963, a German scientist (Dr. Alois Huger) was hired by the SPC to find an effective pathogen against CRB [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1945, more than 400 parasitic wasps ( Scolia ruficornis ), imported from Zanzibar (East Africa), were released, and tested against CRB [ 30 ]. The wasp successfully established itself in the introduced region but failed to reduce the CRB population to a sub-economic level [ 12 , 13 ]. The viral pathogen, OrNV, isolated and identified by Huger in 1963, was first introduced and tested in Samoa in 1967 [ 15 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa: Review of a Century-Old Invasion and Prospects for Control in a Changing Future

Paudel

Marshall

Richards

et al. 2022

Insects

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It is now more than 100 years since the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros L.) was first detected in the Pacific Island state of Samoa. The exotic pest from Asia became the principal pest of coconut palms in Samoa and, from this first point of invasion, spread to several surrounding countries in the South-West Pacific Ocean. An intensive control operation was initiated, but the beetle could not be eliminated. Various pest management strategies were attempted but had limited success until the introduction of a biological control agent (BCA), Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The biocontrol release was very successful and became the prime example of “classical biological control” of an insect pest by a virus. Changing economic and social conditions in Samoa and other islands of the Pacific require a re-evaluation of the threat of CRB to coconut production to suggest how the IPM system may be modified to meet future needs. Therefore, it is timely to review the history of CRB in Samoa and summarize experiences in development of an integrated pest management (IPM) system limiting the impact of the pest. We also present results from a recent study conducted in 2020 on the island of Upolu to define the current status of the CRB population and its BCA, OrNV. The lessons from Samoa, with its long history of containment and management of CRB, are applicable to more recent invasion sites. Recommendations are provided to modify the IPM programme to enhance the sustainable control of CRB and support the ongoing coconut replantation program promoted by the Samoan government.

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“…After insects die, the fungus continues its life cycle in saprophytic phase by colonizing the host's body and producing infectious spores (Boucias et al, 1988;Ment et al, 2010;Aw & Hue, 2017). M. anisopliae is considered an efficient control strategy that can be used to disrupt the life cycle of O. rhinoceros larvae (Paudel et al, 2021). Research on the effect of M. anisopliae on the growth and development of O. rhinoceros is important to determine the sensitivity of all larval stages, and efficiently control or suppress the development of O. rhinoceros larvae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development

Maysaroh

Martono

Harjaka

2022

JPTI

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Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most frequently used insect pathogen fungi in controlling Oryctes rhinoceros. This research aims to learn the potency of fungus M. anisopliae against O. rhinoceros larvae growth and development at the laboratory. The research methods used are T-tests comprising seven treatments and three replications. Fungi were applied in all larvae instar stages starting from the pre-molting of the first larvae instar, post-molting of the second larvae instar, active second larvae instar, pre-molting of the second larvae instar, post-molting of the third larvae instar, active third larvae instar, and pre-pupae stage which were then compared with each instar’s own control. The result indicates that fungus M. anisopliae is capable of suppressing O. rhinoceros growth and development. The fungus induced highest mortality rate of 87% to the third instar larvae and lowest mortality rate of 27% to the pre-molting of the first instar larvae. The fungus also affected the duration of larval stage. At pre-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae, the larval duration was 40 days compared to that of control that took 135 days. At the post-molting of the third larvae instar, the larval duration was 25 days compared to that of control that took 120 days. At the third larvae instar, the larval duration was no more than 15 days compared to that of control that reached 110 days. At pre-pupal stage, the larvae only lasted for 6 days while at control, they were able to last for 15 days. The fungus also affected the success of larva development in becoming pupae in all O. rhinoceros larval stage. The lowest success rate was found in the post-molting of the third larvae instar treated with M. anisopliae with 7% compared to its control with 100% while the highest success rate was found in the pre-molting of the first larval instar with 47% compared to its control with 93%.

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Can Biological Control Overcome the Threat From Newly Invasive Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)? A Review

Cited by 26 publications

References 62 publications

Monitoring an invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle population using pheromone traps in Honiara, Solomon Islands

Monitoring an invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle population using pheromone traps in Honiara, Solomon Islands

Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa: Review of a Century-Old Invasion and Prospects for Control in a Changing Future

The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development

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