Can Religiousness be Associated with Religious and Spiritual Struggles?

Aditya, Yonatha; Sani, Riryn; Martoyo, Ihan; Pramono, Rudi

doi:10.2991/iciap-18.2019.91

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Despite participants’ belief that God loved and cared for them, the real conditions of the pandemic provided contradictory information, thus causing internal conflicts, cognitive dissonance, and possible struggles with God (Exline et al, 2014; Van Tongeren et al, 2019; Wood et al, 2010). Research conducted prior to the pandemic found that believing had negative effects on religious and spiritual struggles, including those with God (Aditya et al, 2019). As the pandemic may have increased cognitive dissonance, believing did not have a significant effect on anger.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesian students’ religiousness, comfort, and anger toward God during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aditya

Martoyo

Nurcahyo

et al. 2022

Archive for the Psychology of Religion

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, many religious college students have found comfort in God, while others may have developed anger toward God; however, no studies have systematically compared the multidimensional effects of religiousness on how Muslim and Christian students react to stressors such as COVID-19. This study addressed this gap in the literature by investigating which of the Four Basic Dimensions of Religiousness Scale (4-BDRS: believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging) were significant predictors for both taking comfort in and feeling anger toward God among Muslim ( n = 550) and Christian ( n = 334) college students in Indonesia, while also controlling for the influence of neuroticism, a known predictor for attitudes toward God. Muslims reported that all dimensions of the 4-BDRS were significant predictors of comfort, with bonding as a negative predictor (β = –.09, p = .04), while Christians reported that belonging (β = .07, p = .34) was the only insignificant predictor. Muslims reported that believing (β = –.22, p ⩽ .001) and behaving (β = –.19, p = .002) were negative predictors of anger, while Christians reported negative effects only for bonding (β = –.17, p = .04); however, bonding did not significantly predict anger when analyzed separately for men and women. Therefore, to decrease their anger toward and increase the comfort they find in God, Muslims must focus on their beliefs and exercise the commandments of Islam. Christians, though, must focus on increasing cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of religiousness to find comfort, while having better personal relationships with God could be key in reducing anger toward God.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesian students’ religiousness, comfort, and anger toward God during the COVID-19 pandemic

Aditya

Martoyo

Nurcahyo

et al. 2022

Archive for the Psychology of Religion

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As for the studied population, most studies still focus on samples of university students and North American adults (Stauner et al 2016;Grubbs et al 2016;Exline et al 2014;Breuninger et al 2019;Trevino et al 2019). However, studies were also carried out in Israel (Abu-Raiya et al 2015a, Indonesia (Aditya et al 2019), Poland (Zarzycka et al 2018); Colombia (Currier et al 2019) and the Czech Republic (Jan ů et al 2018). Christianity has been the most common of the religious affiliations among participants in these studies (Stauner et al 2016;Grubbs et al 2016;Exline et al 2014), and other religions and samples are less studied.…”

Section: Use Of Rss In the Global Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It only assessed internal consistencies, which ranged between 0.8 and 0.92. The authors who used the scale in Indonesia (Aditya et al 2019) reported an overall reliability for the 26 items of 0.91 and used a score with the mean of items.…”

Section: Use Of Rss In the Global Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazilian Adaptation and Validation of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale—Extended and Short Version

et al. 2022

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Studies highlight that although the spiritual/religious dimension is commonly used as a resource for coping with stress and suffering, sometimes this dimension can also be a locus of struggles. The Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale, composed of 26 items (extended version), is an instrument that assesses the presence of six types of spiritual struggles, categorized into three major categories: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Supernatural. More recently, studies have presented a leaner version, with 14 items (short version), also suitable for evaluating religious/spiritual struggles. This study aimed to validate the RSS Scale, in its two versions, in the Brazilian cultural context and was able to attest to its quality and reliability, albeit with small variations. The Brazilian extended version presented six components (similar to the original version) explaining 68.48% of variance and 0.907 of KMO. Two items were withdrawn due to low loadings, but the psychometric qualities of both versions in two different samples (one wide sample and one with LGBTQIA+ individuals) were maintained. The reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) for each one of the six components ranged from 0.78 to 0.88 (24 items) and from 0.73 to 0.83 (14 items). The TLI and CFI were, respectively, 0.934 and 0.945 (24 items) and 0.982 and 0.988 for the short version (14 items). Furthermore, convergent validity tests indicated correlations with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The RSS Scale (the Brazilian versions with 24 and 14 items), demonstrated reliability in the studied sample and can be applied in clinical and research contexts.

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Factorial structure of the four basic dimensions of religiousness (4-BDRS) among Muslim and Christian college students in Indonesia

et al. 2021

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Indonesia is a highly religious country, and is therefore a fertile ground for studies on religiousness. There are six religions that are endorsed by the government. Therefore, a well validated scale that can be used on those six religions are a necessity. Unfortunately, only a few studies have verified the factorial structure of such scale. The Four Basic Dimensions of Religiousness (4-BDRS), a new multidimensional scale, shows a factorial structure that has been confirmed in several countries across different religions. The current study aimed to confirm the factorial structure of 4-BDRS and its measurement invariance across genders among Muslim and Christian college students in Indonesia (two major religions in Indonesia). Data were collected from 949 college students from nine universities in the Jakarta Metropolitan area. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the four factors model of the 4-BDRS in the Indonesian context. The result of measurement invariance shows that there are configural, metric, and scalar invariances. Gender comparison showed that Muslim males had higher scores on all four dimensions of religiousness compared with females, while for Christians, there were no gender differences. The 4BDRS appears to be a valid scale to measure religiousness among Muslims and Christians in Indonesia.

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Can Religiousness be Associated with Religious and Spiritual Struggles?

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Indonesian students’ religiousness, comfort, and anger toward God during the COVID-19 pandemic

Indonesian students’ religiousness, comfort, and anger toward God during the COVID-19 pandemic

Brazilian Adaptation and Validation of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles (RSS) Scale—Extended and Short Version

Factorial structure of the four basic dimensions of religiousness (4-BDRS) among Muslim and Christian college students in Indonesia

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