Canadian Total Diet Study in 1998: Pesticide levels in foods from Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, and corresponding dietary intake estimates

Abstract

The Canadian Total Diet Study is a national survey to determine the level of chemical contaminants in the Canadian food supply. Food samples were collected from Whitehorse, Yukon, supermarkets as part of the study in 1998. Whitehorse was chosen as a sampling centre, despite its small population (n = 19,000), to determine if residue levels were different in foods available in northern communities relative to levels observed in previous studies in the more populated south. Foods were prepared as for consumption before pesticide residue analysis. Residue levels observed in most foods were similar to levels observed in samples from previous surveys from southern Canadian cities. Malathion and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), a transformation product of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl(ethane), were the two most frequently detected compounds (26.4 and 25.8%, respectively). The majority of pesticides, however, had a detection frequency of < 5%. In general, pesticides in food composites were well below maximum residue limits established in the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations. Chlorpropham and captan had the highest dietary intakes (2.16 and 1.94 micrograms (kg body weight-day)-1, respectively), based on the results from Whitehorse. No dietary intakes above the acceptable daily intakes, however, were observed for any of the 39 pesticides investigated in any age-sex category, where an acceptable daily intake has been proposed.

A Multi-Individual Pharmacokinetic Model Framework for Interpreting Time Trends of Persistent Chemicals in Human Populations: Application to a Postban Situation

“…We took the intake estimates needed for steps 3 and 4 (open and solid circles in Figure 3A) from two Swedish market-based studies from 1999 (Darnerud et al 2006) and 2005 (Ankarberg et al 2006). Because only the sum of DDTs (∑DDT) and p , p ′-DDE were reported explicitly, we estimated p , p ′-DDT intakes as 25% of p , p ′-DDE intakes according to findings from two dietary-intake studies from Canada (Rawn et al 2004) and Greenland from the same time (Deutch et al 2006). To assess the plausibility of the intake trends for p , p ′-DDE and p , p ′-DDT extrapolated in steps 3 and 4 (solid and dashed lines in Figure 3A), we collected additional empirical intake estimates that were available only for ∑DDT (Vaz 1995).…”

Evolution of approaches in conducting total diet studies

“…All residues detected were within the FAO/WHO prescribed acceptable daily intakes (ADIs; McLeod et al , ). The levels have reduced over a period of several years; also, many new residues such as chlorpropham, carbamates, dicofol, dichloran and captan have been detected (Newsome et al , ; Rawn et al , ). Consumption levels of certain OCs (DDT, endosulfan and heptachlor) and their metabolites, OPs (malathion, primiphose), dithiocarbamate (DTC), synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin) and other pesticides such as cholorothalonil, atrazine and chordecone were shown to be below the ADIs by the Australia and New Zealand TDS (ANZFA, ; FSANZ, , , ), the Spanish TDS (Urieta et al , ), a study in the north eastern part of Spain (Lázaro et al , ), the Kuwaiti TDS (Sawaya et al , ; Saeed et al , ) and the Cameroonian TDS (Gimmou et al , ).…”

“…They can also be used to assess the effectiveness of the existing regulatory systems. The effect of food processing is also assessed in the testing procedures used in this approach (Rawn et al , ). Thus, TDS data differ from other chemical surveillance programmes because: they focus on chemicals in the diet as a whole and not individual foods; the foods, for the purpose of analyses, are processed as for consumption at home; thus, they take into consideration the impact of home cooking on the disintegration of less stable compounds, and the formation of metabolites (WHO, ).…”

Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos: uma preocupação ambiental global - Um enfoque às maçãs

“…Neste sentido, as técnicas CG-EM-EM e CL-EM-EM têm sido consideradas como sendo as mais modernas e avançadas em análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos. [35][36][37][38] Por esses motivos, Rawn et al 39 afirmam que os métodos analíticos empregados na determinação de agrotóxicos em alimentos devem ser capazes de quantificá-los em níveis baixos de concentrações e, além disso, confirmar, de forma precisa, rápida, eficiente e segura, a identidade de qualquer resíduo detectado.…”