Cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): Update 2013

Zamengo, Luca; Frison, Giampietro; Bettin, Chiara; Sciarrone, Rocco

doi:10.1002/dta.1690

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The average THC percentage of more than 15% is relatively high compared with studies performed in other countries [19][20][21]. Partly, this might be because we analysed samples purchased at the retail level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

et al. 2015

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“…The effects of these changes appear to be evident in the French cannabis market, as documented by a 25-year study of police seizures [23]. Increases in THC concentrations were also detected in resin samples collected from police seizures in the United Kingdom from 2004-05 [18] to 2015-16 [24] and in Italy from 2010 to 2013 [25,26]. Increases in THC concentrations were also detected in resin samples collected from police seizures in the United Kingdom from 2004-05 [18] to 2015-16 [24] and in Italy from 2010 to 2013 [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The authors reported a substantial increase in resin potency starting in 2011, driven by the emergence of a new type of resin exceeding 20% THC. Increases in THC concentrations were also detected in resin samples collected from police seizures in the United Kingdom from 2004-05 [18] to 2015-16 [24] and in Italy from 2010 to 2013 [25,26]. By contrast, THC concentrations in imported resin samples purchased from coffee shops in the Netherlands were largely stable in potency, from 2005 to 2015 [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16

et al. 2019

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Aims To quantify changes in (i) potency (concentration of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol; %THC), (ii) price (euros/g of cannabis) and (iii) value (mg THC/euro) of cannabis resin and herbal cannabis in Europe. Design Repeated cross‐sectional study. Setting and participants Data collected from 28 European Union (EU) member states, Norway and Turkey by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Measurements Outcome variables were potency, price and value for cannabis resin and herbal cannabis in Europe, 2006–16. Inflation was estimated using the Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices. Mixed‐effects linear regression models were used to estimate linear and quadratic time trends, with a random intercept and slope fitted to account for variation across countries. Findings Resin potency increased from a mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 8.14% THC (6.89, 9.49) in 2006 to 17.22 (15.23, 19.25) in 2016. Resin price increased from 8.21 euros/g (7.54, 8.97) to 12.27 (10.62, 14.16). Resin increased in value, from 11.00 mg THC per euro (8.60, 13.62) to 16.39 (13.68, 19.05). Quadratic time trends for resin potency and value indicated minimal change from 2006 to 2011, followed by marked increases from 2011 to 2016. Herbal cannabis potency increased from 5.00% THC (3.91, 6.23) to 10.22 (9.01, 11.47). Herbal price increased from 7.36 euros/g (6.22, 8.53) to 12.22 (10.59, 14.03). The value of herbal cannabis did not change from 12.65 mg of THC per euro (10.18, 15.34) to 12.72 (10.73, 14.73). All price trends persisted after adjusting for inflation. Conclusions European cannabis resin and herbal cannabis increased in potency and price from 2006 to 2016. Cannabis resin (but not herbal cannabis) increased in the quantity of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol per euro spent. Marked increases in resin potency and value from 2011 to 2016 are consistent with the emergence of new resin production techniques in European and neighbouring drug markets.

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“…The cannabis C THC levels obtained indicate that the cannabis samples used cover a realistic range, based on national and international work [40][41][42][49][50][51][52][53]. It has often been noted in international studies that over time, there has been an increase in the C THC of cannabis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Sheehan

Hamnett

Beasley

et al. 2018

Forensic Sciences Research

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Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke, with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke. Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins, sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand. Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0% to 13.4% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 THC) content. A smoking machine was used to smoke "joints" (cannabis cigarettes) and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed. The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A range of different chemical constituents (in addition to D 9 THC) were identified and their concentrations estimated. Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke, showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content. Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples, ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked. The D 9 THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6% and 10.8%, respectively, of the theoretically available D 9 THC (ranging from 7.2% to 28.0%).

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Cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): Update 2013

Cited by 33 publications

References 7 publications

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

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Cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): Update 2013

Cited by 33 publications

References 7 publications

Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15