Capacitive deionization for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and challenges

Kal'fa, A. A.; Shapira, Barak; Shopin, Alexey; Cohen, Izaak; Avraham, Eran; Aurbach, Doron

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125003

Cited by 95 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Sedimentation takes place in tanks where the effluent is allowed to stay for several hours so that the suspended solids either get settled down or form smut on the top, which is skimmed from the top, and sludge (settled solid on the bottom of the tank) is removed. Primary treatment removes around 40% of biological oxygen demand (BOD), about 80-90% of suspended solids, and around 55% of fecal coliforms [28].…”

Section: Common Steps In Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tertiary treatment involves the removal of residual organic, inorganic matter and microorganisms from the effluent of secondary treatment and disinfection of treated sewage by treatment with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and chloramines, UV (ultra-violet) or ozone radiation before releasing in the environment to make sure that the treated sewage is safe enough to be released [28,30]. It is important to note that the abovementioned stages or processes of wastewater treatment are the basic and traditional ones and the advanced methods based on nanotechnology have been discussed in detail in the following sections.…”

Section: Common Steps In Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2021

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Clean and safe water is a fundamental human need for multi-faceted development of society and a thriving economy. Brisk rises in populations, expanding industrialization, urbanization and extensive agriculture practices have resulted in the generation of wastewater which have not only made the water dirty or polluted, but also deadly. Millions of people die every year due to diseases communicated through consumption of water contaminated by deleterious pathogens. Although various methods for wastewater treatment have been explored in the last few decades but their use is restrained by many limitations including use of chemicals, formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), time consumption and expensiveness. Nanotechnology, manipulation of matter at a molecular or an atomic level to craft new structures, devices and systems having superior electronic, optical, magnetic, conductive and mechanical properties, is emerging as a promising technology, which has demonstrated remarkable feats in various fields including wastewater treatment. Nanomaterials encompass a high surface to volume ratio, a high sensitivity and reactivity, a high adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization which makes them suitable for application in wastewater treatment. In this article we have reviewed the techniques being developed for wastewater treatment using nanotechnology based on adsorption and biosorption, nanofiltration, photocatalysis, disinfection and sensing technology. Furthermore, this review also highlights the fate of the nanomaterials in wastewater treatment as well as risks associated with their use.

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Section: Common Steps In Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Common Steps In Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2021

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“…(M)CDI performance has been largely assessed in laboratory studies, but they suggest that the technology can be competitive for the desalination of low-salinity brackish water [496,497]. In addition, (M)CDI typically exhibits a lower capital cost compared to RO [498] and is less susceptible to silica scaling, which can reduce maintenance costs.…”

Section: Brackish Water Desalination: Which Technology To Choose?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to ED, (M)CDI is tunable and selective and thus can be employed for partial desalination. Lab studies indicate that (M)CDI can be used for ultra-pure water production [496], selective removal of scale-forming ions (such as calcium and magnesium ions) for water softening [503], heavy metal removal [496,497], selective removal of nutrients (phosphate and nitrate) [496], water treatment for irrigation [504], water disinfection [497], and the removal of organic compounds through a combination of capacitive and Faradaic adsorption [497] or photocatalytic reactions [505]. FCDI has extensive applications, including water softening [506], ammonia recovery [385,507], nutrient species (phosphate and nitrate) recovery [508,509], heavy metal recovery (copper [510]), lithium extraction [511], divalent and monovalent ion separation [512], and uranium-polluted groundwater treatment [513].…”

Section: Brackish Water Desalination: Which Technology To Choose?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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“…Research with natural brackish waters shows mixed results for the role of organics on the performance of membrane CDI (Kalfa et al 2020, Suss et al 2015a). For instance, Gabelich et al (2002) found that the organic matter in river water reduced the sorption capacity of electrodes (carbon aerogel electrodes).…”

Section: <Figure 4>mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus

et al. 2020

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In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis (RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity < 5.0 g/L) desalination from the aspects of engineering, energy, economy and environment. We first illustrate the criteria and the key performance indicators to evaluate the performance of brackish water desalination. We then systematically summarize technological information of RO and CDI, focusing on the effect of key parameters on desalination performance, as well as energy-water efficiency, economic costs and environmental impacts (including carbon footprint). We provide in-depth discussion on the interconnectivity between desalination and energy, and the trade-off between kinetics and energetics for RO and CDI as critical factors for comparison. We also critique the results of technical-economic assessment for RO and CDI plants in the context of large-scale deployment, with focus on *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 2 lifetime-oriented consideration to total costs, balance between energy efficiency and clean water production, and pretreatment/post-treatment requirements. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities for future brackish water desalination, including hybridization for energy-efficient brackish water desalination, co-removal of specific components in brackish water, and sustainable brine management with innovative utilization. Our study reveals that both RO and CDI should play important roles in water reclamation and resource recovery from brackish water, especially for inland cities or rural regions.

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Capacitive deionization for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and challenges

Cited by 95 publications

References 50 publications

Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

Nanotechnology in Wastewater Management: A New Paradigm Towards Wastewater Treatment

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus

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