Carbohydrate metabolism in the ruminant

McAllan, A. B.; Smith, R. H.

doi:10.1079/bjn19740010

Cited by 86 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It has been shown, however, that the carbohydrates entering the small intestines of steers are virtually all in bound forms. Nearly all the rhamnose, ribose and mannose and more than half the galactose and 'starch'-glucose were contributed by bacteria, whereas virtually all the xylose, arabinose and cellulose came from the diet (McAllan & Smith, 1974). Little or no losses of cellulose (McAllan, 1980) or hemicellulose sugars were found in the small intestines of steers during this work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…McAllan (1971). The use of cellulose as an indigestible marker in the small intestine of steers was validated by McAllan (1980).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The steers were slaughtered 3-4 h after the morning feed by injecting an overdose of sodium pentobarbitone solution (1 00 mg/kg body-weight) and the small intestines were completely dissected as described by McAllan (1980). The small intestines were measured, divided into eight segments of approximately equal length and numbered 1-8 from the proximal duodenum to the terminal ileum.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total and ammonia-N were estimated as described by Smith & McAllan (1970) and carbohydrates by the procedures of McAllan & Smith (1977). Nucleic acids (NA) were determined according to McAllan & Smith (1969) and PEG by the procedure of Smith &. McAllan (1971).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1958; Ben-Ghedalia er a/. Tagari & Bergmann, 1978) and in the degradation of nucleic acids (McAllan, 1980). Similarly, differences in the passage of water through and the amounts of total digesta found within different sections of the small intestines have been observed (Elsden et a/.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Changes in the composition of digesta during passage through the small intestines of steers

Ab¹

1981

Br J Nutr

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1. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogenous constituents, carbohydrate constituents and pH were estimated in digesta taken from right different sites in the small intestines of slaughtered steers given different diets. Amounts of constituents passing different sites were compared using cellulose as a non-digestible marker.2. Amounts of the different cmstituents entering the small intestines varied with the type of diet given but the patterns of removal of each constituent were similar regardless of diet.3. DM and OM were removed uniformly down the length of the small intestines. Net digestibilities of 0.62 and 0.63 for DM and OM respectively of the amounts measured in segment 1 digesta (first 3 m post-pylorus) were found at the terminal ileum. DM and Oh1 contents of segment 1 di=were 5 and 8% higher respectively than in abomasal digesta. Significantly smaller amounts of digesta were found in the proximal quarter of the small intestines than in more distal sections. There was a 10% addition of water to digesta in segment 1 compared with abomasal digesta. Of the water entering the small intestines a net 650< was absorbed therein, most absorption occurring in the first 4. Ammonia nitrogen was removed uniformly down the length of the small intestines to a net extent of 75% of that in segment 1 digesta. There was an apparent increase of approximately 187: in the total N (TN) content of segment 1 digesta compared with abomasal digesta. There was an approximate net removal of SO%, of the TN measured in segment I digesta during passage down the small intestines. Over 95% of the digestible TN was removed in the section of tract between 3 and 15 m from the pylorus. Net removal of nucleic acid N (NA-N) up to the distal ileum was 78% of that in segment 1 digesta, most removal occurred in the proximal quarter of the small intestine. Little or no net loss of diaminopimelic acid-N (DAP-N) occurred in the small intestine.5. Of the carbohydrates entering the small intestines, there was little or no removal of rhamnose. arabinose or xylose. Net removal of ribose, mannose, galactose and 'starch' glucose up to the distal ileum was 82, 76, 54 and 70",/, respectively of the am3unts found in segment I digesta. All disappeared uniformly down the length of the small intestine.half.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…McAllan (1971). The use of cellulose as an indigestible marker in the small intestine of steers was validated by McAllan (1980).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the composition of digesta during passage through the small intestines of steers

Ab¹

1981

Br J Nutr

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Comparison of acid and amyloglucosidase hydrolysis for estimation of non-structural polysaccharides in feed samples

Kozloski

Rocha

Filho³

et al. 1999

J. Sci. Food Agric.

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Enzymatic methods (amyloglucosidase) and methods based on acid solutions (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M H2SO4 for 1, 2 and 3 h at 100 °C) for the hydrolysis of non‐structural carbohydrates from different feed samples were compared. The monomeric units resulting from the enzymatic and acid hydrolysis were determined by the glucose oxidase and reducing sugar methods. There was a significant effect of acid concentration and of time of hydrolysis on the glucose and reducing sugar values in the hydrolysate. Glucose values were similar for both the amyloglucosidase method and the most intense conditions of hydrolysis (0.3 M for 3 h) for some samples. Under these conditions, however, the reducing sugar values were higher. No acid hydrolysis method was found to estimate correctly the total non‐structural carbohydrates, but α‐linked glucose polymers in biological samples may be determined by sample hydrolysis with a 0.3 M H2SO4 solution for 3 h at 100 °C since the glucose in the hydrolysate is determined by the glucose oxidase method and the sucrose content of the sample is negligible. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry

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Effect of different levels of casein, with or without formaldehyde treatment, on carbohydrate metabolism between mouth and duodenum of steers

McAllan¹,

Williams²,

Merry³

et al. 1982

J Sci Food Agric

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Steers, fitted with simple rumen and duodenal cannulas, were given a basal diet of approximately equal parts of straw and flaked maize [containing 12 g N kg-1 dry matter (DM)] or similar diets in which part of the flaked maize was replaced by different amounts of untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give low (L), medium (M) or high (H) intakes of nitrogen (19, 26 and 34 g N kg-1 DM, respectively). Rumen bacteria, separated from samples of rumen digesta taken about 4 h after giving a feed of the basal diet, contained approximately 160 g OLdextran-glucose ('starch') and 300 g crude protein (CP) kg-1 DM. Bacteria from steers receiving the highest level of FT or UT, contained approximately 140 and 70 g 'starch' and 320 and 580 g CP kg-l DM, respectively. It was calculated that bacteria contributed approximately 65, 50 and 30 g 'starch' day-' at the duodenum of steers receiving basal, FT casein and UT casein diets, respectively. Of the total carbohydrates entering the small intestine, all the rhamnose and ribose and approximately 50-65 % of the mannose, galactose and 'starch' were contributed by the bacteria, the remainder being dietary in origin. Virtually all the xylose, arabinose and cellulose-glucose were contributed by surviving dietary materials. For steers receiving the basal ration, mean coefficients of digestibility between mouth and duodenum (corrected for bacterial contribution) were 0.91, 0.97, 0.79, 0.43, 0.22 and 0.41 for mannose, starch-glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and cellulose-glucose, respectively. Coefficients of digestibility for diets supplemented with FT caseins were not appreciably different from those obtained with basal diets, but for diets supplemented with UT caseins those of arabinose, xylose and cellulose-glucose were significantly increased to 0.66, 0.55 and 0.56, respectively.

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Carbohydrate metabolism in the ruminant

Cited by 86 publications

References 26 publications

Changes in the composition of digesta during passage through the small intestines of steers

Changes in the composition of digesta during passage through the small intestines of steers

Comparison of acid and amyloglucosidase hydrolysis for estimation of non-structural polysaccharides in feed samples

Effect of different levels of casein, with or without formaldehyde treatment, on carbohydrate metabolism between mouth and duodenum of steers

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