Carbon and non-carbon support materials for platinum-based catalysts in fuel cells

Effect of Atomic Ordering on the Activity for Methanol and Formic Acid Oxidation of Pt‐Based Electrocatalysts

“…Highly dispersed and accessible active sites are key factors to obtain ordered and disordered Pt‐based catalysts with a high MA. Thus, regarding supported catalysts, in addition to carbon black, nanostructured carbons with high surface area, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, were also widely used as the catalyst supports . In addition to the nanostructured carbons, metal oxides, carbides, and nitrides were proposed as the carbon‐alternative supports, which could overcome the negative issues involved by carbon corrosion/oxidation and simultaneously enhance the activity because of the cocatalyst effects .…”

“…Thus, regarding supported catalysts, in addition to carbon black, nanostructured carbons with high surface area, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, were also widely used as the catalyst supports . In addition to the nanostructured carbons, metal oxides, carbides, and nitrides were proposed as the carbon‐alternative supports, which could overcome the negative issues involved by carbon corrosion/oxidation and simultaneously enhance the activity because of the cocatalyst effects . As a clear dependence of the MOR activity on the shape and structure of Pt‐ and Pt‐based catalysts was observed, the MOR activity of intermetallics could be further enhanced by the synergistic effects induced by the combination of the ordered structure with the morphological characteristics of the catalyst.…”

Pyrolytic Carbon Films with Tunable Electronic Structure and Surface Functionality: A Planar Stand‐In for Electroanalysis of Energy‐Relevant Reactions

“…In the realm of electrochemical energy storage (EES), carbons serve a variety of functions as: (i) addiitives to enhance conductivity in powder-composite electrodes that include poorly conducting, charge-storing oxides, phosphates or fluorides (e. g., those used in Li-ion batteries); (ii) active ion-insertion hosts (e. g., graphitic carbons for Li + intercalation); [1,2] (iii) high surface-area electrodes for electrical double layer based charge storage in electrochemical capacitors; [3][4][5][6] and (iv) porous, three-dimensional (3D) current collectors for solution-based redox species used in flow batteries [7] and LiÀ S batteries [8] or for surface-confined redox species found in device-ready pseudocapacitive or faradaic charge-storing electrodes. [9,10] Low-temperature fuel cells incorporate high surface-area carbons as a conductive support for catalytic metal nanoparticles (e. g., Pt NPs), [11][12][13] while in some cases carbon can be modified with heteroatom doping that imparts electrocatalytic activity for such reactions as hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction in alkaline media. [14][15][16][17] Carbons even find their way into photovoltaic applications as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells and as transparent alternatives to indium-doped tin oxide.…”

Synergistic Supports Beyond Carbon Black for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Anodes

“…Even so, there are still some huge obstacles on the way to extensive commercialization of PEFCs; that is low performance, high cost and poor durability. In recent years, abundant significant advances have been made based on precious metal‐free materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in cathodes of PEFCs, among which heteroatom‐doped carbon materials and metal/carbon hybrids were commonly used . These novel materials with comparable or even higher ORR performance enable the implementation of cost‐effective cathodes for PEFCs.…”

“…It should be noted that the cathodes usually suffer from more severe corrosion and degradation because of the higher potential compared to anodes. The development of the durable cathode materials can thus be consulted towards the design of more durable anode catalysts . Up until now, the design of anode materials for electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen or other small organic molecules still relies on precious metal‐based materials such as Pt/Pd compounds ,.…”