Carbon dots doped with heteroatoms for fluorescent bioimaging: a review

Zhou, Jin; Zhou, Hui; Tang, Jin‐Bao; Deng, Shue; Fang, Yan; Li, Wenjing; Qu, Mei-Hua

doi:10.1007/s00604-016-2043-9

Cited by 289 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…One route is treating CDs as a semiconductor nanoparticle, the bandgap of the semiconductor can be tuned by introducing heteroatom, which changes the valance band and/or conduction band position (figure 2(a)). Heteroatoms (B, N, O, P, S, Se and transition metal ions) have been employed to synthesize doped CDs with multiple color emission [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. For examples, Yang et al [42] related the electronegativity of heteroatom to the emission wavelength of CDs where the lower electronegativity led to an increase in the [42].…”

Section: Down Conversion Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advance of carbon dots in bio-related applications

Wang

Bao

et al. 2020

J. Phys. Mater.

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Carbon dots (CDs) is a kind of carbon nanoparticles with a plentiful of surface functional groups and tunable emission with different excitation wavelength. Broadly speaking, CDs include carbon nanodots, carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, carbonized polymer dots. Due to the unique nature, they are explored for various applications in the bio-related fields such as bioimaging, sensor for ion and (bio)molecules, catalyst, LED and other fields. They are viewed as great alternative tracers to the current fluorescent biomarkers in personalized nanomedicine and surgery operation monitoring. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the development of CDs, including improvement in fluorescence properties, two-photon fluorescence, and integration with other modalities as theragnostic agents. Specifically, we discussed the preparation of dual-modal imaging agents to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, the combination of imaging and targeting functionality for the effective accumulation of biomarkers, and the integration of imaging and therapeutic agents to effectively monitor the localization and concentration of therapeutic agents. Finally, the theragnostic agents composed of three functionalities (e.g. targeting, imaging, and therapy) were summarized to provide readers with future perspectives in this field.

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Section: Down Conversion Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advance of carbon dots in bio-related applications

Wang

Bao

et al. 2020

J. Phys. Mater.

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“…Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted much attention in recent years owing to their exceptional advantages,s uch as superior optical and chemical properties and many potential applications. [1,7] Their good biocompatibility,l ow cost, and fluorescence properties have prompted the creation of CQDs to replace semiconductor quantum dots. [2] To overcome the obstacles of CQDs,s uch as poor solubility in water, low quantum yields,and lack of functionalization, abroad series of methods for obtaining heteroatomdoped CQDs,such as sulfur-and nitrogen-doped CQDs,have been developed to improve the CQD material properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2] To overcome the obstacles of CQDs,s uch as poor solubility in water, low quantum yields,and lack of functionalization, abroad series of methods for obtaining heteroatomdoped CQDs,such as sulfur-and nitrogen-doped CQDs,have been developed to improve the CQD material properties. [1,3] However,s elenium-doped CQDs (Se-CQDs) have barely been reported to date even though selenium plays an important role in ar ange of biological processes through its crucial function in antioxidant defense. [4] Free radicals play an important role in various processes, such as biomolecule distortions and cancer cell development, among others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Selenium‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Free‐Radical Scavenging

et al. 2017

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Heteroatom doping is an effective way to adjust the fluorescent properties of carbon quantum dots. However, selenium-doped carbon dots have rarely been reported, even though selenium has unique chemical properties such as redox-responsive properties owing to its special electronegativity. Herein, a facile and high-output strategy to fabricate selenium-doped carbon quantum dots (Se-CQDs) with green fluorescence (quantum yield 7.6 %) is developed through the hydrothermal treatment of selenocystine under mild conditions. Selenium heteroatoms endow the Se-CQDs with redox-dependent reversible fluorescence. Furthermore, free radicals such as OH can be effectively scavenged by the Se-CQDs. Once Se-CQDs are internalized into cells, harmful high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells are decreased. This property makes the Se-CQDs capable of protecting biosystems from oxidative stress.

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“…Characterization of the prepared N-CDs N-CDs can be prepared from various resources with tunable optical properties, such as uorescent properties with different emission wavelengths. 30,31 In this study, using CA, GSH, and PEPA as original sources via a simple melting method, N-CDs with distinct optical properties were obtained. UV/Vis and uorescence spectra were obtained to investigate the optical properties of the prepared N-CDs, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fluorescent sensor constructed from nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CDs) for pH detection in synovial fluid and urea determination

et al. 2018

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Blue luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CDs) with pH-dependent properties were prepared from citric acid (CA), glutathione (GSH), and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) using a two-step pyrolytic route. The N-CDs showed stable and strong emission bands at approximately 455 nm under 350 nm excitation. Moreover, the fluorescence of N-CDs can be gradually decreased by gradually increasing the pH value. A good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of N-CDs and the pH range of 3.0-9.0 was obtained. Thus, the response mechanism of N-CDs to pH was systematically investigated.N-CDs possessed -NH 2 , -COOH, and -CONHas active functional groups, which allowed the variable protonation/deprotonation of N-CDs to regulate the fluorescence emission intensities under changed pH values. Furthermore, upon combining urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea with increased pH values, a simple but effective fluorescence assay for urea was developed. The analytical performance for urea detection was the linear range of 0 to 10 mM with a detection limit of 0.072 mM. Additionally, the fluorescent sensor based on N-CDs was successfully applied for pH detection in synovial fluid and urea determination in serum. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Stability of N-CDs in salt solution, high-resolution XPS spectra of C1s and O1s, inuence of pH to pure CDs, cycle times of the reversible pH-response of N-CDs, tables of the comparison in the analytical performance of pH detection and urea determination. See

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Carbon dots doped with heteroatoms for fluorescent bioimaging: a review

Cited by 289 publications

References 136 publications

Recent advance of carbon dots in bio-related applications

Recent advance of carbon dots in bio-related applications

Selenium‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Free‐Radical Scavenging

A fluorescent sensor constructed from nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CDs) for pH detection in synovial fluid and urea determination

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