Carbon nanotubes from the dissociation of C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>using a dc thermal plasma torch

Harbec, D.; Meunier, Jean‐Luc; Guo, Laina; Gauvin, R; Mallah, N. El

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/37/15/011

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…20e300 nm in diameter dominate the sample, Fig. 3, consistent with CNSs obtained in previously reported reactions [11,12,25]. Smaller individual hollow and solid spheres ranging from 20 to 50 nm in size are also evident.…”

Section: Results Of Cns Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

Choucair

Hill

Stride

2015

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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Section: Results Of Cns Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 90%

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

Choucair

Hill

Stride

2015

Materials Chemistry and Physics

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“…1, have made a success of various practical applications in material and environmental industries by taking advantage of their high enthalpy and temperature, which are unobtainable from conventional combustive torches. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Moreover, the dc plasma torches of hollow electrodes type have an advantage over those of rod-nozzle electrodes type in generating versatile thermal plasmas. First, any kind of gases including oxidizing ones like air and steam can be used as a plasma forming gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of two- and three-dimensional modeling on arc discharge phenomena inside a thermal plasma torch with hollow electrodes

Park

Choi

et al. 2008

Physics of Plasmas

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A comparative study between two-and three-dimensional ͑2D and 3D͒ modeling is carried out on arc discharge phenomena inside a thermal plasma torch with hollow electrodes, in order to evaluate the effects of arc root configuration characterized by either 2D annular or 3D highly localized attachment on the electrode surface. For this purpose, a more precise 3D transient model has been developed by taking account of 3D arc current distribution and arc root rotation. The 3D simulation results apparently reveal that the 3D arc root attachment brings about the inherent 3D and turbulence nature of plasma fields inside the torch. It is also found that the constricted arc column near the vortex chamber plays an important role in heating and acceleration of injected arc gases by concentrating arc currents on the axis of the hollow electrodes. The inherent 3D nature of arc discharge is well preserved inside the cathode region, while these 3D features slowly diminish behind the vortex chamber where the turbulent flow begins to be developed in the anode region. Based on the present simulation results, it is noted that the mixing effects of the strong turbulent flow on the heat and mass transfer are mainly responsible for the gradual relaxation of the 3D structures of plasma fields into the 2D axisymmetric ones that eventually appear in the anode region near the torch exit. From a detailed comparison of the 3D results with the 2D ones, the arc root configuration seems to have a significant effect on the heat transfer to the electrode surfaces interacting with the turbulent plasma flow. That is, in the 2D simulation based on an axisymmetric stationary model, the turbulence phenomena are fairly underestimated and the amount of heat transferred to the cold anode wall is calculated to be smaller than that obtained in the 3D simulation. For the validation of the numerical simulations, calculated plasma temperatures and axial velocities are compared with experimentally measured ones, and the 3D simulation turns out to be more accurate than the 2D simulation as a result of a relatively precise description of the turbulent phenomena inside the torch using a more realistic model of arc root attachment. Finally, it is suggested that the 3D transient formulation is indeed required for describing the real arc discharge phenomena inside the torch, while the 2D stationary approach is sometimes useful for getting practical information about the time-averaged plasma characteristics outside the torch because of its simplicity and rapidness in computation.

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“…Harbec and co-workers [33][34] reported on the formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) during the decomposition of C 2 Cl 4 in DC thermal plasma. In order to establish formation of particular species in our cases we purified some soot samples (Runs 2, 7, 13 and 18) at 500 °C in dry air for two hours [35] to remove the amorphous carbon.…”

Section: Run # Ssa (M 2 G -1 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Plasma Decomposition of Tetrachloroethylene

Fazekas

Czégény

Mink

et al. 2018

Plasma Chem Plasma Process

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Tetrachloroethylene (C 2 Cl 4) has been used widely as a solvent and dry cleaning agent, but was later specified as possible human carcinogen. As a result, its safe treatment became a priority. In this paper, we report on its decomposition in an atmospheric radiofrequency thermal plasma reactor. Main components of the exhaust gases were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We found that complete decomposition can be achieved in either oxidative or reductive conditions but not in neutral one. The solid soot product was characterised by transmission electron microscopy and specific surface area measurement. Organic compounds adsorbed on the surface of the soot were extracted by toluene and comprised, based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry, of various perchlorinated aliphatic (for example hexachlorocyclopentadiene) and aromatic compounds (like hexachlorobenzene, octachloronaphthalene or octachloroacenaphthylene). Several nitrogen containing molecules were also identified whose presence are rare during thermal plasma treatments. Further investigation of the extract by mass spectrometry revealed various higher molar mass chlorinated carbon clusters and two types of fullerenes (C 60 and C 70). Run-15 20 800 O 2 1 4 Run-16 20 260 O 2 1 1.2 Run-17 20 400 O 2 10 20 Run-2 40 Run-3 13 Run-4 31 Run-5 17 Run-7 24 Run-13

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Carbon nanotubes from the dissociation of C₂Cl₄using a dc thermal plasma torch

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

Comparative study of two- and three-dimensional modeling on arc discharge phenomena inside a thermal plasma torch with hollow electrodes

Thermal Plasma Decomposition of Tetrachloroethylene

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Carbon nanotubes from the dissociation of C2Cl4using a dc thermal plasma torch

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

A low temperature reduction of CCl4 to solid and hollow carbon nanospheres using metallic sodium

Comparative study of two- and three-dimensional modeling on arc discharge phenomena inside a thermal plasma torch with hollow electrodes

Thermal Plasma Decomposition of Tetrachloroethylene

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Carbon nanotubes from the dissociation of C₂Cl₄using a dc thermal plasma torch