“…STT-MRAM has a drawback of reliability, while PCM has a disadvantage of an extensive write latency. Therefore, an alternative of a nonvolatile memory device for the next generation has been proposed by researchers in the form of resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices with the advantages of low power consumption, high scalability, simple structure, easy fabrication, small size, and low cost. ,,− ,,,,− Applications of RRAMs include but are not limited to aerospace, chaotic circuits, − neuromorphic computing, ,− memory devices, ,,− ,,− ,− and logical circuit displays. − RRAMs are usually fabricated as a vertical device with a functional layer of an insulator/semiconductor sandwiched between two metallic electrodes; however, it can also have a planar structure. − RRAMs can be further classified into nonvolatile and volatile memory devices on the basis of applied electric field, because nonvolatile memories can retain data even without the application of an external power supply, while volatile memories cannot retain their stored data in the absence of applied voltage. − RRAMs usually operate reversibly with...…”