Carbonic anhydrases as disease markers

Abstract

Introduction-The physiologic importance of fast CO 2 /HCO 3 interconversion in various tissues requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Fourteen CA isozymes are present in humans, all of them being used as biomarkers. Area covered-A great number of patents and articles were focused on the use of CA isozymes as biomarkers for various diseases and syndromes in the recent years, in an ascending trend over the last decade. The review highlights the most important studies related with each isozyme and covers the most recent patent literature. Expert opinion-The CAs biomarker research area expanded significantly in recent years, shifting from the predominant use of CA IX and CA XII in cancer diagnostic, staging and prognosis towards a wider use of CA isozymes as disease biomarkers. CA isozymes are currently used either alone, in tandem with other CA isozymes and/or in combination with other proteins for the detection, staging and prognosis of a huge repertoire of human dysfunctions and diseases, ranging from mild transformation of the normal tissues to extreme shifts in tissue organization and function. The techniques used for their detection/quantitation and the state-of-the art in each clinical application are presented through relevant clinical examples and corresponding statistical data.

Detection of a multi-disease biomarker in Saliva with Graphene Field Effect Transistors

“…1 Several studies have pointed to the importance of the CAs and their inhibitors as an indicator for various diseases. [2][3][4][5][6] Of particular importance is the human isozyme CA1, which has been identified as a potential marker of various cancers (breast, oral, colorectal, lung, prostate), ankylosing spondylitis, diabetes, Sjogren's syndrome, and pancreatitis. [7][8][9][10][11][12][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Also encouraging for early detection, the level of CA1 can be determined at point of care (POC) by its presence in easily obtained oral fluid.…”

“…22 Despite their promise, the current methods for detecting CAs are time consuming, expensive, require extensive clinical processing and expertise in analysis (ELISA, 2D PAGE, and mass spectrometry). 6 The lack of high sensitive, rapid, cheap, miniaturized, and user friendly diagnostics has restricted the utilization of CAs for research and clinical purposes.…”

Carbonic Anhydrase 4 serves as a Clinicopathological Biomarker for Outcomes and Immune Infiltration in Renal Cell Carcinoma, Lower Grade Glioma, Lung Adenocarcinoma and Uveal Melanoma

“…CAs catalyze the fundamental reaction for life, which is the interconversion of water and carbon dioxide into dissociated ions of carbonic acid 12,13 . The 14 human isozymes of CAs are up-regulated and down-regulated from gene levels in diverse dysfunctions or diseases, which promotes CAs to be considered as disease biomarkers 14 . Representatively, CA9 is a uniformly induced gene as a reliable biomarker of hypoxia and worse prognosis in tumors, such as prostate and renal cancer 15,16 .…”

Association between carbonic anhydrase 9 expression and poor prognosis in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma

“…Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), as a member of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme family, plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the extracellular pH value by catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and protons and thus promoting intracellular proton carboxylation and excretion [5]. Previous studies have confirmed that the acidification of tumor microenvironment could promote tumor cell migration and invasion [6].…”

“…Moreover, increased expression of CA9 has been suggested to be a poor prognostic factor in different types of cancer (e.g. breast, head and neck, stomach, liver, pancreas, colorectal carcinomas) [5]. To the best of our knowledge, there have not been any studies focusing on CA9 expression in SNSCC to date.…”