Carboxymethyl Dextran‐Based Nanomicelle Coatings on Microarc Oxidized Titanium Surface for Percutaneous Implants: Drug Release, Antibacterial Properties, and Biocompatibility

Abstract

Bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onpercutaneous implants can lead to device failure and be life-threatening. To solve this issue, we constructed a carboxymethyl dextran- (CMD-) based nanomicelle antibacterial coating on the microarc-oxidized titanium (MAO-Ti) surface (described in the supplementary file). The self-assembled CMD-based nanomicelles and octadecylamine (ODA) were developed as a drug carrier and loaded with minocycline (MC). The characterization and stability of the MC-loaded nanomicelles were determined. The surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and drug release property of the coatings were also investigated. Our findings showed that the cross-linked MC-loaded nanomicelles (MC@(ODA-CMD)CL) were more stable than the uncross-linked nanomicelles. Moreover, MC@(ODA-CMD)CL was successfully incorporated into the pores of MAO-Ti, which significantly increased the surface hydrophilicity of the coatings without influencing their surface roughness. In addition, the coatings demonstrated a sustained release time of 360 h, with a cumulative release rate reaching 86.6%. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used to determine the antibacterial properties of the coatings, and human skin fibroblasts were seeded on them to investigate their biocompatibility. The results showed that the coatings significantly reduced the number of adhesive S. aureus and promoted the viability, adhesion, and morphology of the human skin fibroblasts compared to smooth titanium (S-Ti) sheets. In conclusion, MC-loaded CMD-based nanomicelles coated on MAO-Ti surface (MC@(ODA-CMD)CL-Ti) demonstrated sustained-release properties, excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, and promising potential as coatings for percutaneous implants.

Fabrication and in vitro biological performance of a double-layered nanoparticles-microarc oxidation composite coating on titanium for dental implant application

“…Due to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability and anti-inflammatory effect, gelatin has been widely used in the food, cosmetic, tissue engineering and pharmaceutical industry [33]. Gelatin has also been widely used as a cross-linking agent to cross-link nanoparticles to the surface of MAO coating to fabricate composite coating [20,23]. SEM images showed that the pH-sensitive double-layered nanoparticles were well distributed and tightly cross-linked with each other and the wall of pores by gelatin (figure 1(F)).…”

“…Moreover, this technique can form a porous structure and then produce various composite coatings. Minocycline-loaded nanomicelles were incorporated into the pores of MAO treated titanium (MAO-Ti), and the composite coating showed excellent antibacterial ability [20]. Zhou fabricated a composite dopamine-nanoclay coating on MAO-Ti by immersion method, which could significantly stimulate osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation [21].…”

Polysaccharide-Based Coatings as Drug Delivery Systems

“…A new antibacterial coating was fabricated using carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) and microarcoxidized titanium (MAO-Ti) [ 56 ]. The coating was designed to release minocycline (MC) using self-assembled nanocells made of CMD and octadecylamine (ODA).…”

“…The coating reduced the number of S. aureus and improved the viability, adhesion, and morphology of the human skin fibroblasts compared to smooth titanium films/sheets. The MC-loaded CMD-based nanocells coated on a MAO-Ti surface (MC@(ODA-CMD)CL-Ti) have great potential as coatings for percutaneous implants due to their sustained-release properties, excellent antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility [ 56 ].…”