Carcinogenicity of Organic Particulate Pollutants in Urban Air After Administration of Trace Quantities to Neonatal Mice

Epstein, Slava S.; Joshi, Shree; Andrea, J.; Mantel, Nathan; Sawieki, E; Stanley, T. W.; Tabor, Elbert C.

doi:10.1097/00043764-196710000-00051

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Analytic analyses showed the existence of known carcinogens (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in air particles sampled from several cities [Commoner et al, 1978;Hughes et al, 1980;Sawick, 19671. Induction of cancers in experimental animals by extracts from air particles has been demonstrated in long-term carcinogenicity studies [Epstein et al, 1966;Leiter and Shear, 19421. The health effect of air pollution, which is a possible factor for a higher incidence of lung cancer in urban and industrial areas, has been of great concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mutagenicity of airborne particles from a nonindustrial town

et al. 1981

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The mutagenic activity of ambient air particles from Morgantown, West Virginia, has been monitored for 6 months using the Ames Salmonella assay system. Airborne particles, collected on glass fiber filters using a Hi-Vol sampler, were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) and/or ethyl acetate plus methanol (E + M) in sequence. A dose-dependent mutagenic response was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 for DCM extracts from all samples. E + M extracts were mutagenic only when samples were extracted with E + M before DCM extraction. The mutagenic activity of samples collected in June and July was independent of S-9 in vitro activation, whereas the mutagenicity of those collected from October to December increased in the presence of S-9 activation. The class fractionation of extracts showed that only acidic and polynuclear aromatic fractions were mutagenic. The mutagenicity of particles from Morgantown air was also detected with the Salmonella arabinose-resistant assay system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mutagenicity of airborne particles from a nonindustrial town

et al. 1981

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“…As early as two decades ago, some research groups in the United States induced lung tumors in newborn mice by subcutaneous injection of PAH or extracts from airborne particles (10,11). Although these tumors were primarily adenomas and not malignant neoplasms, the sensitivity of this test in regard to its response to benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz (a,h)anthracene could be confirmed in several experiments (12,13).…”

Section: Subcutaneous Injection In Newborn Micementioning

confidence: 95%

Carcinogenicity of Airborne Combustion Products Observed in Subcutaneous Tissue and Lungs of Laboratory Rodents

Pott¹,

Stöber²

1983

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Most air pollution in West Germany is caused by combustion products. Particulate organic matter released by incomplete combustion is suspected to contribute to the "urban factor" of lung cancer frequency in urban-industrial centers. The carcinogenic potential of single components, groups of compounds and total source emissions of combustion processes was investigated in laboratory animals by subcutaneous injection, intratracheal instillation or inhalation.Tests by subcutaneous injection of condensates of automobile exhaust, extracts of coal furnace emissions and of airborne particles and different fractions of these extracts showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with four to six benzene rings have the strongest experimental carcinogenicity. However, polar compounds (heterocyclic nitrogen-containing PAH, phenols, and others) also show remarkable carcinogenic potency. There were large differences between the dose-response relationships of several PAHs. In the subcutaneous tissue, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene are the most carcinogenic of the tested airborne PAHs. Furthermore, they can induce high tumor rates in the lung after subcutaneous injection in newborn mice and after intratracheal instillation of mice or hamsters. The tumor rate of benzo(a)pyrene did not further increase after simultaneous instillation of carbon black, but lead chloride may have a promoting effect.Far more than 100 PAHs are found in the urban atmosphere. However, because of the remarkable similarity of the PAH profiles in the examined samples, it may be sufficient to measure just a few stable PAHs in the urban air in order to facilitate an assessment of the carcinogenic potency of the PAH content in the atmosphere.To examine the carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effects of gas and vapor emissions, studies with a two-phase model were carried out: phase 1 relates to the induction of a basic tumor rate in the lung by a well known carcinogen, while phase 2 is characterized by an inhalation of the substance under investigation. In an experiment with mice, the inhalation of a mixture of SO2 and NO2 seemed to increase the basic tumor rate induced by dibenz(a,h)anthracene. In a similar two-phase experiment conducted with hamsters, the inhalation of diesel exhaust (total exhaust as well as exhaust without particles) increased a basic tumor rate induced by diethyl nitrosamine. These experiments deserve confirmation before a detailed interpretation is attempted.

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“…Several members of this class of compounds have long been recognized as hazardous, showing high carcinogenic activity [Dipple, 19761. Over the last few years, however, it has been found that PAH content alone cannot account for all the mutagenic activity of environmental samples [wang et al, 1978;Kotin et al, 1954;Epstein et al, 1966;Mohr et al, 19761. Attention has therefore been focused on other combustion products such as the nitro derivatives of PAHs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial mutagenicity and chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some nitro derivatives in environmental samples collected in West Germany

et al. 1986

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Snow and air particulate samples collected in Upper Frankonia, Federal Republic of Germany, have been analyzed for nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and PAH content. A novel clean-up technique has been developed enabling interfering organochlorine environmental contaminants to be removed prior to analysis of the hydrocarbons by GC-MS. Mass fragmentation patterns are presented for 1-nitropyrene, 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene, 6-nitrochrysene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene. The level of these compounds found in air samples was in the range of 0.2-2.0 ng.m-3 with the exception of 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene, which was not detected. This compares with PAH values of between 1 and 6 ng.m-3. The freshly fallen snow sample collected at the side of a motorway had no detectable PAHs or nitro-PAHs. Parallel studies on the bacterial mutagenicity of the collected air samples using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of aroclor-induced rat liver "S9" revealed both "direct" and "indirect" activity. Larger numbers of mutants were induced in the presence of S9 than in its absence. The snow sample was devoid of mutagenic activity. These studies show the utility of the biological approach to screen environmental samples prior to expensive and time-consuming chemical analysis.

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Carcinogenicity of Organic Particulate Pollutants in Urban Air After Administration of Trace Quantities to Neonatal Mice

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Mutagenicity of airborne particles from a nonindustrial town

Mutagenicity of airborne particles from a nonindustrial town

Carcinogenicity of Airborne Combustion Products Observed in Subcutaneous Tissue and Lungs of Laboratory Rodents

Bacterial mutagenicity and chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some nitro derivatives in environmental samples collected in West Germany

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