Carotenoid biosynthesis in microorganisms and plants

Sandmann, Gerhard

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79502-2_10

Cited by 87 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(247 reference statements)

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“…Second, contrary to the dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase mechanism proposed (Sandmann, 1994), the fate of FAD suggests that the electrons liberated from the substrate must be delivered to membrane-bound acceptors. We take this as strong support for our previous finding that phytoene desaturase collaborates mechanistically with a membrane-localized redox chain employing quinones as intermediate electron carriers (Mayer et al, 1990) and oxygen as a final electron acceptor (Beyer et aL, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…High degrees of similarity were also found (not shown) with respect to other cloned phytoene desaturase genes/cDNAs, for example, from cyanobacteria (Chamnovitz et aL, 1991), tomato (Pecker et aL, 1992) and Capsicum (Hugeney et al, 1992). Like other known phytoene desaturases, the deduced amino acid sequence carries near its N-terminus a dinucleotide binding motif, indicating FAD binding (for reviews, see Armstrong, 1994;Bartley et al, 1994;Sandmann, 1994). Genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicated the presence of only a single gene in N. pseudonarcissus (not shown).…”

Section: Cloning Of a Cdna Coding For Phytoene Desaturasementioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70‐complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation

Al‐Babili

Lintig

Haubruck³

et al. 1996

The Plant Journal

112

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SummaryA cDNA coding for the carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus was cloned and the corresponding protein expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus system. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant protein allowed the detection of soluble and tightly membrane-bound populations of phytoene desaturase in the chromoplasts isolated from petals. The soluble form is enzymatically inactive and a constituent of a larger Hsp 7g-containing protein complex in the stroma, whereas the membrane-bound form is functional. In vitro, the soluble form is able to associate on to/into protein-free liposomal membranes made from chromoplast lipids, thereby gaining activity by binding added flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Once bound to membranes, activated phytoene desaturase works independently of any added FAD, employing membrane-bound electron acceptors. FAD, however, exerts no positive effect on the membrane-association process, its role is confined to enzymatic activation. Although carotenoid accumulation is strongly induced during flower development, only very low concentrations of phytoene desaturase transcripts are detectable, while the corresponding protein accumulates in low, but measurable amounts, appearing in soluble and membrane-bound states. Poet-transcriptional mechanisms contribute significantly to carotenoid accumulation, as do factors determining the enzymatic activity of phytoene desaturase, for example by influencing the redox-state of membrane-bound electron acceptors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Cloning Of a Cdna Coding For Phytoene Desaturasementioning

confidence: 99%

A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70‐complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation

Al‐Babili

Lintig

Haubruck³

et al. 1996

The Plant Journal

112

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“…The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is a well established biochemical pathway which has been studied in many plants (Cunningham and Gantt, 1998;Sandmann, 1998), fungi and microorganisms (Sandmann, 1998;Armstrong, 1994). The formation of the colorless carotene phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is the first committed step in the carotenoid pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Path analysis suggests phytoene accumulation is the key step limiting the carotenoid pathway in white carrot roots

2005

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Two F 2 carrot (Daucus carota L.) populations (orange rooted Brasilia x very dark orange rooted High Carotene Mass -HCM cross and the dark orange rooted cultivated variety B493 x white rooted wild carrot Queen Anne's Lace -QAL cross) with very unrelated genetic backgrounds were used to investigate intrinsic factors limiting carotenoid accumulation in carrots by applying phenotypic correlation and path analysis to study the relationships between major root carotenes, root color and several other morphological traits. Most of the correlations between traits were close and agreed in sign between the two populations. Root weight had a moderate to highly significant positive correlation with leaf length, root length and top and middle root diameter. Although phenotypic correlations failed to identify the order of the substrates and products in the carotenoid pathway the correct order of substrates and products (phytoene → zeta-carotene → lycopene) was identified in the causal diagram of beta-carotene for the Brasilia x HCM population. Path analysis of beta-carotene synthesis in the B493 x QAL population suggested that selection for root carotenes had little effect on plant morphological traits. Causal model of beta-carotene and lycopene in the B493 x QAL population suggested that phytoene synthesis is the key step limiting the carotenoid pathway in white carrots. Path analysis, first presented by Sewall Wright to study quantitative traits, appears to be a powerful statistical approach for the identification of key compounds in complex pathways. IntroductionVitamin A deficiency is not only widespread in developing countries but is also is found in developed countries in poor urban populations and among the elderly, heavy drinkers and smokers (Giuliano et al. 2000). Consumption of horticultural crops provides more than 70% of vitamin A for the world population (Simpson, 1983), with carrots accounting for 30% of the total vitamin A precursor in countries such as the United States of America (Simon, 1992).The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is a well established biochemical pathway which has been studied in many plants (Cunningham and Gantt, 1998;Sandmann, 1998), fungi and microorganisms (Sandmann, 1998;Armstrong, 1994). The formation of the colorless carotene phytoene from two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is the first committed step in the carotenoid pathway. Phytoene undergoes a series of four desaturation reactions that result in the sequential formation of phytofluene, zeta-carotene (ζ-carotene), neurosporene and then the redcolored lycopene. A single gene product, lycopene betacyclase (β-cyclase) (LCYB), catalyzes the formation of the bicyclic β-carotene (with two β rings) from the linear symmetrical lycopene in plants and cyanobacteria (Cunningham and Gantt, 1998) as demonstrated in studies with Erwinia herbicola and tomatoes (Sandmann, 1998). In the case of alpha-carotene (α-carotene), with one β and one epsilon (ε) ring, two different enzymes, LCYB...

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“…It can be assumed that trace elements affect the enzymes involved in carotenogenesis (Goodwin, 1980). For example, some trace elements such as Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ ions are known to act as cofactors for enzymes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and, therefore, they enhance carotenoid production at certain concentrations (Sandmann, 1994;Sandmann, 2001). Another suggested hypothesis is that the generation of active oxygen radicals (e.g., 1 O 2 and HO • ) in the culture broth stimulates carotenoid synthesis.…”

Section: Validation Of the Optimal Conditions And Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of canthaxanthin production from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 in a fed-batch process using trace elements and statistical methods

Nasrabadi

Razavi

2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-Under fed-batch process conditions, the statistical analysis of trace elements was performed by application of Plackett-Burman design (for screening tests) and response surface methodology (for predicting the optimal points) to achieve the highest level of canthaxanthin production from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. Plackett-Burman design was conducted on eleven trace elements (i.e., aluminum, boron, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc) to select out elements that significantly enhance the canthaxanthin production of D. natronolimnaea HS-1. Plackett-Burman design revealed that Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions had the highest effect on canthaxanthin production of D. natronolimnaea HS-1 (P<0.05). These three elements were used for further optimization. By means of response surface methodology for the fed-batch process, the optimum conditions to achieve the highest level of canthaxanthin (8923±18 μg/L) were determined as follow: Fe 3+ 30 ppm, Cu 2+ 28.75 ppm and Zn 2+ 27 ppm.

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Carotenoid biosynthesis in microorganisms and plants

Cited by 87 publications

References 159 publications

A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70‐complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation

A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70‐complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation

Path analysis suggests phytoene accumulation is the key step limiting the carotenoid pathway in white carrot roots

Enhancement of canthaxanthin production from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 in a fed-batch process using trace elements and statistical methods

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