Carriage Rate of
            <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>
            in an Orphanage in Bangkok, Thailand

Pagornrat, Watcharee; Leelayoova, Saovanee; Rangsin, Ram; Tan‐ariya, Peerapan; Naaglor, Tawee; Mungthin, Mathirut

doi:10.1128/jcm.01606-09

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In a study conducted in Brazil, comparing enteric parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients before and after the HAART, a statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of these infections was observed (63.9% versus 24%) [72]. Also in a 1-year longitudinal study of E. bieneusi infection in the same orphanage in Bangkok, Thailand, a decreasing pattern of prevalence, similar to the one observed for the incidence, was detected [19]. …”

Section: Prevalence Of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi In Humansmentioning

confidence: 87%

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Matos

Lobo

Xiao

2012

Journal of Parasitology Research

210

169

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A review was conducted to examine published works that focus on the complex epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. Studies on the prevalence of these emerging microsporidian pathogens in humans, in developed and developing countries, the different clinical spectra of E. bieneusi intestinal infection in children, in different settings, and the risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection have been reviewed. This paper also analyses the impact of the recent application of PCR-based molecular methods for species-specific identification and genotype differentiation has had in increasing the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in humans. The advances in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, in the last two decades, emphasize the importance of epidemiological control and prevention of E. bieneusi infections, from both the veterinary and human medical perspectives.

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Section: Prevalence Of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi In Humansmentioning

confidence: 87%

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Matos

Lobo

Xiao

2012

Journal of Parasitology Research

210

169

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“…In developing countries, the relationship between HAART and E. bieneusi occurrence in HIV-positive patients has seldom been examined. A gradual decrease in the prevalence of E. bieneusi was seen in a Thai orphanage (including 77 HIV-positive patients on HAART and 463 HIVnegative patients), although it was attributed to increased sanitation rather than antiretroviral therapy (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus far, only 10 cases of infection by EbpC strains have been reported in HIV-positive patients in developing countries and none have been reported in industrialized nations. Previously, the zoonotic genotypes D (90 cases) and type IV (87 cases) and the anthroponotic genotype A (142 cases) were the most common genotypes of E. bieneusi in HIVpositive patients in developing countries (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(25)(26)(27)(28). In contrast, the anthroponotic genotype B was the dominant genotype in HIVpositive patients in Europe and Australia, infecting at least 164 HIVpositive patients, compared to only two patients infected by the zoonotic genotype D and 14 patients infected by type IV (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data accumulated thus far suggest that anthroponotic transmission plays a more important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients in developing countries and some industrialized nations such as the United States, but zoonotic transmission contributes significantly to the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients in European countries (11,12). In contrast, data on the distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes suggest that the transmission of E. bieneusi is mainly anthroponotic in developed countries (13-18) but both anthroponotic and zoonotic in developing countries (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Differences in the transmission of the two diseases among countries and between rural and urban areas make studies of their epidemiology necessary.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

et al. 2013

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dMolecular diagnostic tools have been used increasingly in the characterization of the transmission of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in developing countries. However, few studies have examined the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, 683 HIV-positive patients in the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program in China and 683 matched HIV-negative controls were enrolled. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected and differentiated by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates were 1.5% and 0.15% for Cryptosporidium and 5.7% and 4.2% for E. bieneusi in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively. The majority (8/11) of Cryptosporidium cases were infections by zoonotic species, including Cryptosporidium meleagridis (5), Cryptosporidium parvum (2), and Cryptosporidium suis (1). Prevalent E. bieneusi genotypes detected, including EbpC (39), D (12), and type IV (7), were also potentially zoonotic. The common occurrence of EbpC was a feature of E. bieneusi transmission not seen in other areas. Contact with animals was a risk factor for both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. The results suggest that zoonotic transmission was significant in the epidemiology of both diseases in rural AIDS patients in China.

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“…It is currently unclear if humans also carry persistent microsporidia infections. Positive serology for Encephalitozoon- specific antibodies in otherwise healthy individuals, and the detection of another microsporidian, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in immune-competent children and adults, however, suggest that persistent microsporidioses in humans do occur [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. Immune-deficient hosts, on the other hand, develop clinical signs that may include diarrhea and weight loss, and these hosts often succumb to infection [15; 26; 27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and iron sequestration contribute to macrophage-mediated control of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Phylum Microsporidia) infection in vitro and in vivo

Didier

Bowers

Martin

et al. 2010

Microbes and Infection

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Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Phylum Microsporidia) infects a wide range of mammals, and replicates within resting macrophages. Activated macrophages, conversely, inhibit replication and destroy intracellular organisms. These studies were performed to assess mechanisms of innate immune responses expressed by macrophages to control E. cuniculi infection. Addition of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inhibitors to activated murine peritoneal macrophages statistically significantly, rescued E. cuniculi infection ex vivo. Mice deficient in reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, or both survived ip inoculation of E. cuniculi, but carried significantly higher peritoneal parasite burdens than wild-type mice at 1 and 2 weeks post inoculation. Infected peritoneal macrophages could still be identified 4 weeks post inoculation in mice deficient in reactive nitrogen species. L-tryptophan supplementation of activated murine peritoneal macrophage cultures ex vivo failed to rescue microsporidia infection. Addition of ferric citrate to supplement iron, however, did significantly rescue E. cuniculi infection in activated macrophages and further increased parasite replication in non-activated macrophages over non-treated resting control macrophages. These results demonstrate the contribution of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as iron sequestration, to innate immune responses expressed by macrophages to control E. cuniculi infection.

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Carriage Rate of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in an Orphanage in Bangkok, Thailand

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and iron sequestration contribute to macrophage-mediated control of Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Phylum Microsporidia) infection in vitro and in vivo

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