The complete sequence of the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome (MSY) has been determined recently; however, detailed characterization for many of its encoded proteins still remains to be done. We applied state-of-the-art protein structure prediction methods to all 27 distinct MSY-encoded proteins to provide better understanding of their biological functions and their mechanisms of action at the molecular level. The results of such large-scale structure-functional annotation provide a comprehensive view of the MSY proteome, shedding light on MSY-related processes. We found that, in total, at least 60 domains are encoded by 27 distinct MSY genes, of which 42 (70%) were reliably mapped to currently known structures. The most challenging predictions include the unexpected but confident 3D structure assignments for three domains identified here encoded by the USP9Y, UTY, and BPY2 genes. The domains with unknown 3D structures that are not predictable with currently available theoretical methods are established as primary targets for crystallographic or NMR studies. The data presented here set up the basis for additional scientific discoveries in human biology of the Y chromosome, which plays a fundamental role in sex determination. D ue to an increasing gap between the overwhelming number of available protein sequences and experimentally determined protein structures, protein structure prediction has become an important venue with prolific applications in molecular biology (1). Continuous progress in this field has led to a variety of approaches applicable to structure-functional annotation of proteins. In particular, the recent advances in fold recognition (FR) and ab initio (AI) areas resulted in several methods that can reveal reliable but unexpected links between proteins (2, 3) defying standard approaches such as PSI-BLAST (4). FR͞AI tools offer opportunities to advance annotation of poorly characterized proteins, providing valuable information to guide scientific discoveries.Using a bouquet of state-of-art methods, we propose a coherent, semiautomatic strategy for structure-functional annotation of proteins and apply it to protein sequences encoded by the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome (MSY). For many years this distinctive segment of the human genome, which plays a critical role in sex determination, has been considered a functional wasteland. Complete sequence of the MSY, which comprises 95% of the length of the chromosome, revealed at least 78 protein-coding genes that collectively encode 27 distinct proteins (5). MSY genes participate in diverse processes such as skeletal growth, germ cell tumorigenesis, graft rejection, gonadal sex determination, and spermatogenic failure (6). The biological significance of the MSY has begun to surface in recent years; however, many protein-coding genes await more-detailed studies to understand their exact biological functions at the molecular level (7). Thus, comprehensive structural and functional annotation of the MSY-encoded proteins has a b...