Catalytic upgrading of renewable levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate biodiesel using dodecatungstophosphoric acid supported on desilicated H-ZSM-5 as catalyst

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

“…Thus, when the excess of ethanol used for the esterification was reduced three times, from 15:1 to 5:1, the reaction was considerable slower: 78 vs 49% EL yield obtained after 4 h respectively (compare entries 5 and 7 in Table 1). Nevertheless, the slowdown of the reaction can be largely compensated by increasing the temperature from 78ºC to 100ºC ( (Nandiwale et al, 2013). Also in this case the activity of UiO-66 is lower than their best performing catalyst containing supported heteropolyacid, while pristine and desilylated H-ZSM-5 supports were considerably less performing than the MOF (16 and 28% yield after 4 h, respectively).…”

Catalytic upgrading of citric acid to environmental friendly tri-butyl citrate plasticizer over ultra stable phosphonated Y zeolite

“…4). All the experiments were performed in kinetically controlled regime excluding internal and external mass transfer resistances, by using average catalyst particle size of 82.5 m and speed of agitation of 400 rpm (Nandiwale et al, 2013(Nandiwale et al, , 2014. As the esterification of CA with n-butanol can occur auto-catalytically hence, the thermal reaction (Blank, without catalyst) was performed.…”

Preparation of methyl levulinate from fractionation of direct liquefied bamboo biomass

“…In recent years, increasing numbers of researchers have become interested in studying various methods of converting biomass into high value-added fuel additives [2][3][4].…”